{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/70929"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/70929","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"A Comparison of Participant Evaluation of A Volunteer-Produced Slow-Pitch Softball Program and A Paid Recreation Employee-Produced Slow-Pitch Softball Program","abstract":"The move by many states toward a property tax limitation measure similar to California's Jarvis-Gann Amendment, popularly known as Proposition 13, may lead the Recreation Movement back towards a greater reliance on volunteers. The utilization of volunteers in the Recreation Movement has always existed even with the push for professionalism. The comparison of volunteer leaders and programmers to paid recreation leaders and programmers has not been extensively studied. This study compared evaluation of the volunteer-produced Tulsa, Oklahoma, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program to the evaluation of the paid recreation employee-produced Austin, Texas, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program.","abstract_html":"The move by many states toward a property tax limitation measure similar to California's Jarvis-Gann Amendment, popularly known as Proposition 13, may lead the Recreation Movement back towards a greater reliance on volunteers. The utilization of volunteers in the Recreation Movement has always existed even with the push for professionalism. The comparison of volunteer leaders and programmers to paid recreation leaders and programmers has not been extensively studied. This study compared evaluation of the volunteer-produced Tulsa, Oklahoma, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program to the evaluation of the paid recreation employee-produced Austin, Texas, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Guthrie, Roger Hugh"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Leisure Studies","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-12-16T04:26:05Z","date_published":"2014-12-16T04:26:05Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:03Z","subjects":["Recreation"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["(UMI)AAI8218479"],"render_values":[{"text":"(UMI)AAI8218479","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/70929","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Guthrie, Roger Hugh"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2014-12-16T04:26:05Z","10000-01-01","1982"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Leisure Studies"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Recreation"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/70929","(UMI)AAI8218479"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["The move by many states toward a property tax limitation measure similar to California's Jarvis-Gann Amendment, popularly known as Proposition 13, may lead the Recreation Movement back towards a greater reliance on volunteers. The utilization of volunteers in the Recreation Movement has always existed even with the push for professionalism. The comparison of volunteer leaders and programmers to paid recreation leaders and programmers has not been extensively studied. This study compared evaluation of the volunteer-produced Tulsa, Oklahoma, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program to the evaluation of the paid recreation employee-produced Austin, Texas, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program.","Evaluations of players, managers, producers (programmers), and park and recreation department administrators in Tulsa and Austin were determined for the ten areas of involvement, opportunities to participate, league administration, scheduling of games, scheduling of fields, protests, field conditions, umpires, facilities, and slow-pitch softball through the Semantic Differential Technique. Those evaluations were statistically compared through analysis of variance and/or a T Test.","There were significant differences between the evaluations of the players on opportunities to participate and scheduling of fields at the .05 level. There were no significant differences between the evaluations of the managers or the producers. There were significant differences between the evaluations of the administrators in opportunities to participate and protests at the .05 level. The Austin paid recreation employee-produced slow-pitch softball program received the more favorable rating in all cases where there were significant differences.","Both Austin and Tulsa turn away teams wishing to participate in their slow-pitch softball programs due to a shortage of facilities. Tulsa has considerable less fields to serve a population that is equal to Austin. Evaluation of opportunities to participate may reflect this.","Possibly more important than the two concepts with significant difference, as evaluated by the players, were the eight concepts without significant difference. The volunteer-produced slow-pitch softball program and the paid employee-produced slow-pitch softball program were considerably more similar than dissimilar.","Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-16T04:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8218479.pdf: 2587041 bytes, checksum: f7b585b32959af24cd910a0952339e96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1982","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 71095 Lift date: Forever Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","U of I Only","100 p.","Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1982."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["A Comparison of Participant Evaluation of A Volunteer-Produced Slow-Pitch Softball Program and A Paid Recreation Employee-Produced Slow-Pitch Softball Program"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Guthrie, Roger Hugh"],"dc:date":["2014-12-16T04:26:05Z","10000-01-01","1982"],"dc:description":["The move by many states toward a property tax limitation measure similar to California's Jarvis-Gann Amendment, popularly known as Proposition 13, may lead the Recreation Movement back towards a greater reliance on volunteers. The utilization of volunteers in the Recreation Movement has always existed even with the push for professionalism. The comparison of volunteer leaders and programmers to paid recreation leaders and programmers has not been extensively studied. This study compared evaluation of the volunteer-produced Tulsa, Oklahoma, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program to the evaluation of the paid recreation employee-produced Austin, Texas, Adult Slow-Pitch Softball Program.","Evaluations of players, managers, producers (programmers), and park and recreation department administrators in Tulsa and Austin were determined for the ten areas of involvement, opportunities to participate, league administration, scheduling of games, scheduling of fields, protests, field conditions, umpires, facilities, and slow-pitch softball through the Semantic Differential Technique. Those evaluations were statistically compared through analysis of variance and/or a T Test.","There were significant differences between the evaluations of the players on opportunities to participate and scheduling of fields at the .05 level. There were no significant differences between the evaluations of the managers or the producers. There were significant differences between the evaluations of the administrators in opportunities to participate and protests at the .05 level. The Austin paid recreation employee-produced slow-pitch softball program received the more favorable rating in all cases where there were significant differences.","Both Austin and Tulsa turn away teams wishing to participate in their slow-pitch softball programs due to a shortage of facilities. Tulsa has considerable less fields to serve a population that is equal to Austin. Evaluation of opportunities to participate may reflect this.","Possibly more important than the two concepts with significant difference, as evaluated by the players, were the eight concepts without significant difference. The volunteer-produced slow-pitch softball program and the paid employee-produced slow-pitch softball program were considerably more similar than dissimilar.","Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-16T04:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8218479.pdf: 2587041 bytes, checksum: f7b585b32959af24cd910a0952339e96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1982","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 71095 Lift date: Forever Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","U of I Only","100 p.","Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1982."],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/70929","(UMI)AAI8218479"],"dc:subject":["Recreation"],"dc:title":["A Comparison of Participant Evaluation of A Volunteer-Produced Slow-Pitch Softball Program and A Paid Recreation Employee-Produced Slow-Pitch Softball Program"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Leisure Studies"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:03Z"}