{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/70051"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/70051","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Linear Additivity of Multiple Concurrent Environmental Stressors' Effects on Chick Performance, Physiology, Histopathology, and Behavior","abstract":"Whether concurrent stressors synergize in affecting chicks was studied. Results suggest stressors affected chicks in similar fashion when acting singly or together; i.e., effects were additive. Experiment I. New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{4}$-factorial of aerial ammonia (A, O or 125 ppm), beak-trimming (B, sham or trimmed trial d 1), coccidiosis (C, O or 4 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ sporulated E. acervulina oocysts d 1), and heat (H, air 30.4 or 36.5 C). Five 7-d trials had 15 6-chick replicates of 16 treatments. All stressors decreased chick weight gain (G), feed intake (F), and G/F, except B for G/F; A x C for G was only interaction. A, C, and H increased s$\\sp{2}$/x for G among chicks in treatment groups (CV-G). As stressor number (order) rose from 0 to 4, G, F, and G/F fell, and CV-G rose, linearly. D-7 heterophil %/lymphocyte % (h/l) rose due to all stressors and linearly with order. Only C affected blood total-cell fraction. Experiment II. Hubbard chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{6}$-factorial of A and B (as Exp. I), C (0 or 6 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ oocysts as Exp. I), random electric shock (E, O or 3-10 mA), H (air 30.4 or 34.8 C), and continuous white noise (N, 80 or 95 dB). Four 7-d trials had 6 3-chick replicates of 64 treatments. All stressors but N decreased G, F, and G/F and increased CV-G; few interactions were found. As order rose from 0 to 6, G, F, and G/F fell linearly. No treatment affected d-7 plasma corticosterone. C increased carcass-water content and decreased chloroform/methanol-extract, A increased crude-protein, and C decreased carcass-energy; few interactions were found. Order did not affect composition. C increased standing and eating, H decreased drinking, times; few interactions were found. C damaged kidneys and duodenal mucosa; H mitigated the lesions. N caused, and synergized positively with C for, duodenal lesions. A caused, but H mitigated, hepatic lesions. Order affected no lesion score.","abstract_html":"Whether concurrent stressors synergize in affecting chicks was studied. Results suggest stressors affected chicks in similar fashion when acting singly or together; i.e., effects were additive. Experiment I. New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{4}$-factorial of aerial ammonia (A, O or 125 ppm), beak-trimming (B, sham or trimmed trial d 1), coccidiosis (C, O or 4 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ sporulated E. acervulina oocysts d 1), and heat (H, air 30.4 or 36.5 C). Five 7-d trials had 15 6-chick replicates of 16 treatments. All stressors decreased chick weight gain (G), feed intake (F), and G/F, except B for G/F; A x C for G was only interaction. A, C, and H increased s$\\sp{2}$/x for G among chicks in treatment groups (CV-G). As stressor number (order) rose from 0 to 4, G, F, and G/F fell, and CV-G rose, linearly. D-7 heterophil %/lymphocyte % (h/l) rose due to all stressors and linearly with order. Only C affected blood total-cell fraction. Experiment II. Hubbard chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{6}$-factorial of A and B (as Exp. I), C (0 or 6 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ oocysts as Exp. I), random electric shock (E, O or 3-10 mA), H (air 30.4 or 34.8 C), and continuous white noise (N, 80 or 95 dB). Four 7-d trials had 6 3-chick replicates of 64 treatments. All stressors but N decreased G, F, and G/F and increased CV-G; few interactions were found. As order rose from 0 to 6, G, F, and G/F fell linearly. No treatment affected d-7 plasma corticosterone. C increased carcass-water content and decreased chloroform/methanol-extract, A increased crude-protein, and C decreased carcass-energy; few interactions were found. Order did not affect composition. C increased standing and eating, H decreased drinking, times; few interactions were found. C damaged kidneys and duodenal mucosa; H mitigated the lesions. N caused, and synergized positively with C for, duodenal lesions. A caused, but H mitigated, hepatic lesions. Order affected no lesion score.","abstract_has_math":true,"creators":["Mcfarlane, James Michael"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Animal Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-12-15T21:01:11Z","date_published":"2014-12-15T21:01:11Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:02Z","subjects":["Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["(UMI)AAI8721710"],"render_values":[{"text":"(UMI)AAI8721710","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/70051","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mcfarlane, James Michael"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2014-12-15T21:01:11Z","10000-01-01","1987"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Animal Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/70051","(UMI)AAI8721710"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Whether concurrent stressors synergize in affecting chicks was studied. Results suggest stressors affected chicks in similar fashion when acting singly or together; i.e., effects were additive. Experiment I. New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{4}$-factorial of aerial ammonia (A, O or 125 ppm), beak-trimming (B, sham or trimmed trial d 1), coccidiosis (C, O or 4 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ sporulated E. acervulina oocysts d 1), and heat (H, air 30.4 or 36.5 C). Five 7-d trials had 15 6-chick replicates of 16 treatments. All stressors decreased chick weight gain (G), feed intake (F), and G/F, except B for G/F; A x C for G was only interaction. A, C, and H increased s$\\sp{2}$/x for G among chicks in treatment groups (CV-G). As stressor number (order) rose from 0 to 4, G, F, and G/F fell, and CV-G rose, linearly. D-7 heterophil %/lymphocyte % (h/l) rose due to all stressors and linearly with order. Only C affected blood total-cell fraction. Experiment II. Hubbard chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{6}$-factorial of A and B (as Exp. I), C (0 or 6 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ oocysts as Exp. I), random electric shock (E, O or 3-10 mA), H (air 30.4 or 34.8 C), and continuous white noise (N, 80 or 95 dB). Four 7-d trials had 6 3-chick replicates of 64 treatments. All stressors but N decreased G, F, and G/F and increased CV-G; few interactions were found. As order rose from 0 to 6, G, F, and G/F fell linearly. No treatment affected d-7 plasma corticosterone. C increased carcass-water content and decreased chloroform/methanol-extract, A increased crude-protein, and C decreased carcass-energy; few interactions were found. Order did not affect composition. C increased standing and eating, H decreased drinking, times; few interactions were found. C damaged kidneys and duodenal mucosa; H mitigated the lesions. N caused, and synergized positively with C for, duodenal lesions. A caused, but H mitigated, hepatic lesions. Order affected no lesion score.","Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-15T21:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8721710.pdf: 12706415 bytes, checksum: 177ec9b87bcb90b9199f6c6badc06bd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 70217 Lift date: Forever Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","U of I Only","376 p.","Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Linear Additivity of Multiple Concurrent Environmental Stressors' Effects on Chick Performance, Physiology, Histopathology, and Behavior"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Mcfarlane, James Michael"],"dc:date":["2014-12-15T21:01:11Z","10000-01-01","1987"],"dc:description":["Whether concurrent stressors synergize in affecting chicks was studied. Results suggest stressors affected chicks in similar fashion when acting singly or together; i.e., effects were additive. Experiment I. New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{4}$-factorial of aerial ammonia (A, O or 125 ppm), beak-trimming (B, sham or trimmed trial d 1), coccidiosis (C, O or 4 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ sporulated E. acervulina oocysts d 1), and heat (H, air 30.4 or 36.5 C). Five 7-d trials had 15 6-chick replicates of 16 treatments. All stressors decreased chick weight gain (G), feed intake (F), and G/F, except B for G/F; A x C for G was only interaction. A, C, and H increased s$\\sp{2}$/x for G among chicks in treatment groups (CV-G). As stressor number (order) rose from 0 to 4, G, F, and G/F fell, and CV-G rose, linearly. D-7 heterophil %/lymphocyte % (h/l) rose due to all stressors and linearly with order. Only C affected blood total-cell fraction. Experiment II. Hubbard chicks were studied via 2$\\sp{6}$-factorial of A and B (as Exp. I), C (0 or 6 $\\times$ 10$\\sp{5}$ oocysts as Exp. I), random electric shock (E, O or 3-10 mA), H (air 30.4 or 34.8 C), and continuous white noise (N, 80 or 95 dB). Four 7-d trials had 6 3-chick replicates of 64 treatments. All stressors but N decreased G, F, and G/F and increased CV-G; few interactions were found. As order rose from 0 to 6, G, F, and G/F fell linearly. No treatment affected d-7 plasma corticosterone. C increased carcass-water content and decreased chloroform/methanol-extract, A increased crude-protein, and C decreased carcass-energy; few interactions were found. Order did not affect composition. C increased standing and eating, H decreased drinking, times; few interactions were found. C damaged kidneys and duodenal mucosa; H mitigated the lesions. N caused, and synergized positively with C for, duodenal lesions. A caused, but H mitigated, hepatic lesions. Order affected no lesion score.","Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-15T21:01:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8721710.pdf: 12706415 bytes, checksum: 177ec9b87bcb90b9199f6c6badc06bd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 70217 Lift date: Forever Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","U of I Only","376 p.","Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987."],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/70051","(UMI)AAI8721710"],"dc:subject":["Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition"],"dc:title":["Linear Additivity of Multiple Concurrent Environmental Stressors' Effects on Chick Performance, Physiology, Histopathology, and Behavior"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Animal Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:26:02Z"}