{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/68537"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/68537","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Low-Temperature Densification of Lead Zirconate Titanate With Vanadium Pentoxide Additions","abstract":"The addition of 0.1 to 6.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics promoted rapid densification below 975(DEGREES)C, thereby eliminating the need for PbO atmosphere control. The base PZT, Pb (Zr(,0.53)Ti(,0.47))O(,3), was prepared by coprecipitation from mixed oxides and butoxides. V(,2)O(,5) was incorporated as mill additions to the precalcined base PZT, as batch additions to the PZT during the coprecipitation process, and as mill additions to a commercially available PZT powder. Densification rates were enhanced by the additions of V(,2)O(,5). Densities greater than 98% of theoretical were obtained in (TURN) 15 minutes of 960(DEGREES)C for additions of 0.1 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5), compared to 4 hours at 1280(DEGREES)C for the base PZT. Dielectric properties and piezoelectric coefficients varied only slightly within the optimum range of 0.25 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) addition and were at least comparable to the base PZT. Indications are that accelerated densification is due to a combined surface activated-liquid phase mechanism. It was proposed that the V(,2)O(,5) becomes incorporated into the surface layers of the oxide powders during mixing or in the coprecipitation process. Upon heating, the V(,2)O(,5) reacts with the surface layers to form a low-melting vanadate phase and surfaces of high defect concentration, primarily in regions of particle-particle contacts. Rapid densification, by almost immediate particle rearrangement and pore removal, occurs with melting of the lead vanadate phase due to the large cohesive forces generated. The rate of densification is further increased by the enhancement of grain-boundary and/or bulk diffusion which are enhanced by the presence of a high defect concentration and reactive liquid phase at the grain contact areas.","abstract_html":"The addition of 0.1 to 6.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics promoted rapid densification below 975(DEGREES)C, thereby eliminating the need for PbO atmosphere control. The base PZT, Pb (Zr(,0.53)Ti(,0.47))O(,3), was prepared by coprecipitation from mixed oxides and butoxides. V(,2)O(,5) was incorporated as mill additions to the precalcined base PZT, as batch additions to the PZT during the coprecipitation process, and as mill additions to a commercially available PZT powder. Densification rates were enhanced by the additions of V(,2)O(,5). Densities greater than 98% of theoretical were obtained in (TURN) 15 minutes of 960(DEGREES)C for additions of 0.1 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5), compared to 4 hours at 1280(DEGREES)C for the base PZT. Dielectric properties and piezoelectric coefficients varied only slightly within the optimum range of 0.25 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) addition and were at least comparable to the base PZT. Indications are that accelerated densification is due to a combined surface activated-liquid phase mechanism. It was proposed that the V(,2)O(,5) becomes incorporated into the surface layers of the oxide powders during mixing or in the coprecipitation process. Upon heating, the V(,2)O(,5) reacts with the surface layers to form a low-melting vanadate phase and surfaces of high defect concentration, primarily in regions of particle-particle contacts. Rapid densification, by almost immediate particle rearrangement and pore removal, occurs with melting of the lead vanadate phase due to the large cohesive forces generated. The rate of densification is further increased by the enhancement of grain-boundary and/or bulk diffusion which are enhanced by the presence of a high defect concentration and reactive liquid phase at the grain contact areas.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Wittmer, Dale Edward"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Ceramics Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-12-14T15:24:04Z","date_published":"2014-12-14T15:24:04Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:59Z","subjects":["Engineering, Materials Science"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["(UMI)AAI8018217"],"render_values":[{"text":"(UMI)AAI8018217","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/68537","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Wittmer, Dale Edward"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2014-12-14T15:24:04Z","10000-01-01","1980"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Ceramics Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Engineering, Materials Science"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/68537","(UMI)AAI8018217"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["The addition of 0.1 to 6.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics promoted rapid densification below 975(DEGREES)C, thereby eliminating the need for PbO atmosphere control. The base PZT, Pb (Zr(,0.53)Ti(,0.47))O(,3), was prepared by coprecipitation from mixed oxides and butoxides. V(,2)O(,5) was incorporated as mill additions to the precalcined base PZT, as batch additions to the PZT during the coprecipitation process, and as mill additions to a commercially available PZT powder. Densification rates were enhanced by the additions of V(,2)O(,5). Densities greater than 98% of theoretical were obtained in (TURN) 15 minutes of 960(DEGREES)C for additions of 0.1 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5), compared to 4 hours at 1280(DEGREES)C for the base PZT. Dielectric properties and piezoelectric coefficients varied only slightly within the optimum range of 0.25 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) addition and were at least comparable to the base PZT. Indications are that accelerated densification is due to a combined surface activated-liquid phase mechanism. It was proposed that the V(,2)O(,5) becomes incorporated into the surface layers of the oxide powders during mixing or in the coprecipitation process. Upon heating, the V(,2)O(,5) reacts with the surface layers to form a low-melting vanadate phase and surfaces of high defect concentration, primarily in regions of particle-particle contacts. Rapid densification, by almost immediate particle rearrangement and pore removal, occurs with melting of the lead vanadate phase due to the large cohesive forces generated. The rate of densification is further increased by the enhancement of grain-boundary and/or bulk diffusion which are enhanced by the presence of a high defect concentration and reactive liquid phase at the grain contact areas.","Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-14T15:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8018217.pdf: 5695571 bytes, checksum: 7ed78cbee1d4a1ef41685e4c22404b71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1980","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 68715 Lift date: Forever Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","U of I Only","157 p.","Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Low-Temperature Densification of Lead Zirconate Titanate With Vanadium Pentoxide Additions"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Wittmer, Dale Edward"],"dc:date":["2014-12-14T15:24:04Z","10000-01-01","1980"],"dc:description":["The addition of 0.1 to 6.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) to lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics promoted rapid densification below 975(DEGREES)C, thereby eliminating the need for PbO atmosphere control. The base PZT, Pb (Zr(,0.53)Ti(,0.47))O(,3), was prepared by coprecipitation from mixed oxides and butoxides. V(,2)O(,5) was incorporated as mill additions to the precalcined base PZT, as batch additions to the PZT during the coprecipitation process, and as mill additions to a commercially available PZT powder. Densification rates were enhanced by the additions of V(,2)O(,5). Densities greater than 98% of theoretical were obtained in (TURN) 15 minutes of 960(DEGREES)C for additions of 0.1 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5), compared to 4 hours at 1280(DEGREES)C for the base PZT. Dielectric properties and piezoelectric coefficients varied only slightly within the optimum range of 0.25 to 1.0 w/o V(,2)O(,5) addition and were at least comparable to the base PZT. Indications are that accelerated densification is due to a combined surface activated-liquid phase mechanism. It was proposed that the V(,2)O(,5) becomes incorporated into the surface layers of the oxide powders during mixing or in the coprecipitation process. Upon heating, the V(,2)O(,5) reacts with the surface layers to form a low-melting vanadate phase and surfaces of high defect concentration, primarily in regions of particle-particle contacts. Rapid densification, by almost immediate particle rearrangement and pore removal, occurs with melting of the lead vanadate phase due to the large cohesive forces generated. The rate of densification is further increased by the enhancement of grain-boundary and/or bulk diffusion which are enhanced by the presence of a high defect concentration and reactive liquid phase at the grain contact areas.","Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-14T15:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 8018217.pdf: 5695571 bytes, checksum: 7ed78cbee1d4a1ef41685e4c22404b71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1980","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 68715 Lift date: Forever Reason: Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","Restricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETDs","U of I Only","157 p.","Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980."],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/68537","(UMI)AAI8018217"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:subject":["Engineering, Materials Science"],"dc:title":["Low-Temperature Densification of Lead Zirconate Titanate With Vanadium Pentoxide Additions"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Ceramics Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:59Z"}