{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/31073"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/31073","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Optimizing a hybrid reverse osmosis/electrodialysis system for natural organic matter concentration","abstract":"Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were examined to determine an optimum way to concentrate natural organic matter (NOM) for chemical and biological characterization of disinfection by-products (DBPs). RO is an effective way to concentrate NOM. However, it also concentrates inorganic ions which lead to an increase in the osmotic pressure, eventually rendering RO ineffective, and potentially producing membrane scaling. Salts are also harmful to mammalian cells at high concentrations, which may cause artifacts in the toxicological outcomes. Thus ED was introduced to remove the inorganic ions. However, since a portion of NOM is negatively charged, it is not retained well by ED. Due to the ion exchange properties of ED membranes, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride were added at different time points and amounts in order to optimize the retention and concentration of NOM. It was found that a high concentration of sodium chloride displaced NOM that had adsorbed to anion exchange sites on the membranes, and was able to prevent loss of NOM. However, calcium was removed slowly due to the high sodium concentration, which limited the amount of sulfate that could be added. Meanwhile, continually adding sulfate at lower concentrations (low enough to prevent calcium sulfate precipitation) resulted in an initial loss of NOM, but eventually no further loss occurred as sulfate took over the anion exchange sites. However, not all of the calcium could be removed this way, and the presence of limited sulfate makes it infeasible to achieve large concentration factors. In order to optimize this process, calcium should be removed prior to concentration.","abstract_html":"Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were examined to determine an optimum way to concentrate natural organic matter (NOM) for chemical and biological characterization of disinfection by-products (DBPs). RO is an effective way to concentrate NOM. However, it also concentrates inorganic ions which lead to an increase in the osmotic pressure, eventually rendering RO ineffective, and potentially producing membrane scaling. Salts are also harmful to mammalian cells at high concentrations, which may cause artifacts in the toxicological outcomes. Thus ED was introduced to remove the inorganic ions. However, since a portion of NOM is negatively charged, it is not retained well by ED. Due to the ion exchange properties of ED membranes, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride were added at different time points and amounts in order to optimize the retention and concentration of NOM. It was found that a high concentration of sodium chloride displaced NOM that had adsorbed to anion exchange sites on the membranes, and was able to prevent loss of NOM. However, calcium was removed slowly due to the high sodium concentration, which limited the amount of sulfate that could be added. Meanwhile, continually adding sulfate at lower concentrations (low enough to prevent calcium sulfate precipitation) resulted in an initial loss of NOM, but eventually no further loss occurred as sulfate took over the anion exchange sites. However, not all of the calcium could be removed this way, and the presence of limited sulfate makes it infeasible to achieve large concentration factors. In order to optimize this process, calcium should be removed prior to concentration.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Tu, Aimee"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Environ Engr in Civil Engr","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Mariñas, Benito J."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-05-22T00:26:02Z","date_published":"2012-05-22T00:26:02Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:29Z","subjects":["reverse osmosis","electrodialysis","natural organic matter concentration","ion exchange"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2012 Aimee Tu"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/31073","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Mariñas, Benito J."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Tu, Aimee"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2012-05-22T00:26:02Z","2012-05"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Environ Engr in Civil Engr"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["reverse osmosis","electrodialysis","natural organic matter concentration","ion exchange"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2012 Aimee Tu"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/31073"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were examined to determine an optimum way to concentrate natural organic matter (NOM) for chemical and biological characterization of disinfection by-products (DBPs). RO is an effective way to concentrate NOM. However, it also concentrates inorganic ions which lead to an increase in the osmotic pressure, eventually rendering RO ineffective, and potentially producing membrane scaling. Salts are also harmful to mammalian cells at high concentrations, which may cause artifacts in the toxicological outcomes. Thus ED was introduced to remove the inorganic ions. However, since a portion of NOM is negatively charged, it is not retained well by ED. Due to the ion exchange properties of ED membranes, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride were added at different time points and amounts in order to optimize the retention and concentration of NOM. It was found that a high concentration of sodium chloride displaced NOM that had adsorbed to anion exchange sites on the membranes, and was able to prevent loss of NOM. However, calcium was removed slowly due to the high sodium concentration, which limited the amount of sulfate that could be added. Meanwhile, continually adding sulfate at lower concentrations (low enough to prevent calcium sulfate precipitation) resulted in an initial loss of NOM, but eventually no further loss occurred as sulfate took over the anion exchange sites. However, not all of the calcium could be removed this way, and the presence of limited sulfate makes it infeasible to achieve large concentration factors. In order to optimize this process, calcium should be removed prior to concentration.","Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf (zulauf@illinois.edu) on 2012-04-23T19:53:58Z Item was in collections: University of Illinois Theses & Dissertations (ID: 1) No. of bitstreams: 2 Aimee-Tu-Thesis-formatted+BJM.doc: 1639936 bytes, checksum: 7b20fd33b5fc38deb431a06035e80d21 (MD5) Tu_Aimee.pdf: 377497 bytes, checksum: 15b735a34597afc1bac4a9f92b62872d (MD5)","Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-22T00:26:02Z (GMT). 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However, it also concentrates inorganic ions which lead to an increase in the osmotic pressure, eventually rendering RO ineffective, and potentially producing membrane scaling. Salts are also harmful to mammalian cells at high concentrations, which may cause artifacts in the toxicological outcomes. Thus ED was introduced to remove the inorganic ions. However, since a portion of NOM is negatively charged, it is not retained well by ED. Due to the ion exchange properties of ED membranes, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride were added at different time points and amounts in order to optimize the retention and concentration of NOM. It was found that a high concentration of sodium chloride displaced NOM that had adsorbed to anion exchange sites on the membranes, and was able to prevent loss of NOM. However, calcium was removed slowly due to the high sodium concentration, which limited the amount of sulfate that could be added. Meanwhile, continually adding sulfate at lower concentrations (low enough to prevent calcium sulfate precipitation) resulted in an initial loss of NOM, but eventually no further loss occurred as sulfate took over the anion exchange sites. However, not all of the calcium could be removed this way, and the presence of limited sulfate makes it infeasible to achieve large concentration factors. In order to optimize this process, calcium should be removed prior to concentration.","Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf (zulauf@illinois.edu) on 2012-04-23T19:53:58Z Item was in collections: University of Illinois Theses & Dissertations (ID: 1) No. of bitstreams: 2 Aimee-Tu-Thesis-formatted+BJM.doc: 1639936 bytes, checksum: 7b20fd33b5fc38deb431a06035e80d21 (MD5) Tu_Aimee.pdf: 377497 bytes, checksum: 15b735a34597afc1bac4a9f92b62872d (MD5)","Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-22T00:26:02Z (GMT). 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