{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/23898"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/23898","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Forward to backward asymmetry of the photoneutron cross sections of calcium and lead in the energy region of the isovector electric quadrupole resonance","abstract":"This experiment measured the photoneutron cross sections of Ca at 55°, 90°, and 125° between E')' = 28 to 38.8 MeV for residual excitation energies less than 4 MeV. From the 55° and 125° data a forward-to-backward asymmetry A = du/dfl(55°) -du/dfl(125°) du/dfl(55°) du/dfl(125°) was extracted. These data span the energy in which the Isovector Giant Quadrupole Resonance (IVQR) is expected to lie. Photons for this experiment were derived from an 49.7 MeV electron beam by a bremsstrahlung-tagging monochromator. Neutrons were detected in an array of NE213 liquid scintillator detectors; neutron energy was determined by a time of flight method over a 1.5 m flightpath. The energy resolution was between 1.8 and 4.2 Me V (FWHM), so final states could not be resolved. Instead the integral yield to states with residual excitation energy Ex < 4 and 2 MeV was obtained. The Ca asymmetries show a steady rise over our energy range from low values of ~ 0.2 at 28 MeV to ~ 0.6 at 38.8 MeV. This pattern can be understood as an interference between the tail of the Giant Dipole Resonance and the IVQR. A semiclassical model consisting of a series of Breit-Wigner resonances for the Isoscalar and Isovector E2 and the Giant Dipole Resonance, can be fitted to the data. It yields a width for the IVQR of ~ 23 MeV centered around 29.5 ± 1.5 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to be between 20% and 50% of a sumrule. The IVQR is fairly spread out and so weak compared to the GDR that there is no visible structure in the cross section. In continuation of a previous experiment [Murakami et at., Phys. Rev. C 35 479-494 (1987)] cross sections were also measured and asymmetries extracted for natPb over an energy range of E-y = 28 to 34.2 MeV above the IVQR. Consistent with the previous experiment, the asymmetries remain at a large value of 0.65 0.1. The semiclassical model yields a width for the IVQR of R:: 10 MeV centered at 21 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to 0.36 ±0.18 sum rule units.","abstract_html":"This experiment measured the photoneutron cross sections of Ca at 55°, 90°, and 125° between E&#x27;)&#x27; = 28 to 38.8 MeV for residual excitation energies less than 4 MeV. From the 55° and 125° data a forward-to-backward asymmetry A = du/dfl(55°) -du/dfl(125°) du/dfl(55°) du/dfl(125°) was extracted. These data span the energy in which the Isovector Giant Quadrupole Resonance (IVQR) is expected to lie. Photons for this experiment were derived from an 49.7 MeV electron beam by a bremsstrahlung-tagging monochromator. Neutrons were detected in an array of NE213 liquid scintillator detectors; neutron energy was determined by a time of flight method over a 1.5 m flightpath. The energy resolution was between 1.8 and 4.2 Me V (FWHM), so final states could not be resolved. Instead the integral yield to states with residual excitation energy Ex &lt; 4 and 2 MeV was obtained. The Ca asymmetries show a steady rise over our energy range from low values of ~ 0.2 at 28 MeV to ~ 0.6 at 38.8 MeV. This pattern can be understood as an interference between the tail of the Giant Dipole Resonance and the IVQR. A semiclassical model consisting of a series of Breit-Wigner resonances for the Isoscalar and Isovector E2 and the Giant Dipole Resonance, can be fitted to the data. It yields a width for the IVQR of ~ 23 MeV centered around 29.5 ± 1.5 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to be between 20% and 50% of a sumrule. The IVQR is fairly spread out and so weak compared to the GDR that there is no visible structure in the cross section. In continuation of a previous experiment [Murakami et at., Phys. Rev. C 35 479-494 (1987)] cross sections were also measured and asymmetries extracted for natPb over an energy range of E-y = 28 to 34.2 MeV above the IVQR. Consistent with the previous experiment, the asymmetries remain at a large value of 0.65 0.1. The semiclassical model yields a width for the IVQR of R:: 10 MeV centered at 21 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to 0.36 ±0.18 sum rule units.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Freytag, Asmus"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Physics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Debevec, Paul T."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-05-16T20:50:27Z","date_published":"2011-05-16T20:50:27Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:22Z","subjects":["photoneutron cross sections of Ca","residual excitation energies","forward to backward assymetry","isovector electric quadrupole resonance"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["1988 Asmus Freytag"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["1857056"],"render_values":[{"text":"1857056","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/23898","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Debevec, Paul T."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Freytag, Asmus"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2011-05-16T20:50:27Z","10000-01-01","1988"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Dissertation / Thesis","text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Physics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["photoneutron cross sections of Ca","residual excitation energies","forward to backward assymetry","isovector electric quadrupole resonance"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["1988 Asmus Freytag"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["1857056","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/23898"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["This experiment measured the photoneutron cross sections of Ca at 55°, 90°, and 125° between E')' = 28 to 38.8 MeV for residual excitation energies less than 4 MeV. From the 55° and 125° data a forward-to-backward asymmetry A = du/dfl(55°) -du/dfl(125°) du/dfl(55°) du/dfl(125°) was extracted. These data span the energy in which the Isovector Giant Quadrupole Resonance (IVQR) is expected to lie. Photons for this experiment were derived from an 49.7 MeV electron beam by a bremsstrahlung-tagging monochromator. Neutrons were detected in an array of NE213 liquid scintillator detectors; neutron energy was determined by a time of flight method over a 1.5 m flightpath. The energy resolution was between 1.8 and 4.2 Me V (FWHM), so final states could not be resolved. Instead the integral yield to states with residual excitation energy Ex < 4 and 2 MeV was obtained. The Ca asymmetries show a steady rise over our energy range from low values of ~ 0.2 at 28 MeV to ~ 0.6 at 38.8 MeV. This pattern can be understood as an interference between the tail of the Giant Dipole Resonance and the IVQR. A semiclassical model consisting of a series of Breit-Wigner resonances for the Isoscalar and Isovector E2 and the Giant Dipole Resonance, can be fitted to the data. It yields a width for the IVQR of ~ 23 MeV centered around 29.5 ± 1.5 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to be between 20% and 50% of a sumrule. The IVQR is fairly spread out and so weak compared to the GDR that there is no visible structure in the cross section. In continuation of a previous experiment [Murakami et at., Phys. Rev. C 35 479-494 (1987)] cross sections were also measured and asymmetries extracted for natPb over an energy range of E-y = 28 to 34.2 MeV above the IVQR. Consistent with the previous experiment, the asymmetries remain at a large value of 0.65 0.1. The semiclassical model yields a width for the IVQR of R:: 10 MeV centered at 21 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to 0.36 ±0.18 sum rule units.","Submitted by Carolyn Mead (cmead2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-16T20:50:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_freytag.pdf: 4922532 bytes, checksum: 74f4674b4b479bdcc4d694cfc8be3ab6 (MD5)","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-16T20:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_freytag.pdf: 4922532 bytes, checksum: 74f4674b4b479bdcc4d694cfc8be3ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1988","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Carolyn Mead (cmead2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-16T20:50:27Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:14:44-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: Thesis","Thesis","U of I Only"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Forward to backward asymmetry of the photoneutron cross sections of calcium and lead in the energy region of the isovector electric quadrupole resonance"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Debevec, Paul T."],"dc:creator":["Freytag, Asmus"],"dc:date":["2011-05-16T20:50:27Z","10000-01-01","1988"],"dc:description":["This experiment measured the photoneutron cross sections of Ca at 55°, 90°, and 125° between E')' = 28 to 38.8 MeV for residual excitation energies less than 4 MeV. From the 55° and 125° data a forward-to-backward asymmetry A = du/dfl(55°) -du/dfl(125°) du/dfl(55°) du/dfl(125°) was extracted. These data span the energy in which the Isovector Giant Quadrupole Resonance (IVQR) is expected to lie. Photons for this experiment were derived from an 49.7 MeV electron beam by a bremsstrahlung-tagging monochromator. Neutrons were detected in an array of NE213 liquid scintillator detectors; neutron energy was determined by a time of flight method over a 1.5 m flightpath. The energy resolution was between 1.8 and 4.2 Me V (FWHM), so final states could not be resolved. Instead the integral yield to states with residual excitation energy Ex < 4 and 2 MeV was obtained. The Ca asymmetries show a steady rise over our energy range from low values of ~ 0.2 at 28 MeV to ~ 0.6 at 38.8 MeV. This pattern can be understood as an interference between the tail of the Giant Dipole Resonance and the IVQR. A semiclassical model consisting of a series of Breit-Wigner resonances for the Isoscalar and Isovector E2 and the Giant Dipole Resonance, can be fitted to the data. It yields a width for the IVQR of ~ 23 MeV centered around 29.5 ± 1.5 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to be between 20% and 50% of a sumrule. The IVQR is fairly spread out and so weak compared to the GDR that there is no visible structure in the cross section. In continuation of a previous experiment [Murakami et at., Phys. Rev. C 35 479-494 (1987)] cross sections were also measured and asymmetries extracted for natPb over an energy range of E-y = 28 to 34.2 MeV above the IVQR. Consistent with the previous experiment, the asymmetries remain at a large value of 0.65 0.1. The semiclassical model yields a width for the IVQR of R:: 10 MeV centered at 21 MeV. The IVQR strength is found to 0.36 ±0.18 sum rule units.","Submitted by Carolyn Mead (cmead2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-16T20:50:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_freytag.pdf: 4922532 bytes, checksum: 74f4674b4b479bdcc4d694cfc8be3ab6 (MD5)","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-16T20:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_freytag.pdf: 4922532 bytes, checksum: 74f4674b4b479bdcc4d694cfc8be3ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1988","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Carolyn Mead (cmead2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-16T20:50:27Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:14:44-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: Thesis","Thesis","U of I Only"],"dc:identifier":["1857056","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/23898"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["1988 Asmus Freytag"],"dc:subject":["photoneutron cross sections of Ca","residual excitation energies","forward to backward assymetry","isovector electric quadrupole resonance"],"dc:title":["Forward to backward asymmetry of the photoneutron cross sections of calcium and lead in the energy region of the isovector electric quadrupole resonance"],"dc:type":["Dissertation / Thesis","text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Physics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:22Z"}