{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/23414"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/23414","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"The effects of levels of sentential context on scope of reference for contextually defined categories","abstract":"Three experiments investigated whether graded contextual constraints produce graded on-line representations for contextually-defined categories. In Experiment 1, people read pairs of sentences. In each pair, the first sentence included a category term whose interpretation was constrained by contextual information to either a low, moderate, or high degree. The second, target sentence contained a category exemplar that matched the category better with each increase in constraint. The results showed that target sentence reading times were facilitated by high constraints only. In Experiment 2, when exemplars were presented as targets in a lexical decision task, facilitation increased with each increase in constraint. In Experiment 3, high constraints facilitated decision times of more appropriate exemplars, but inhibited decision times for less appropriate exemplars. Moderate constraints, weaker than those of Experiment 2, affected neither exemplar. Collectively, the results suggest the following about inferences for contextually-defined categories: (a) context must be fairly constraining for an inference to occur, (b) inferences contain information about a specific exemplar, not about a revised general category definition or a reduced scope of reference, (c) once instantiation by an exemplar occurs, its strength varies with the amount of contextual constraint.","abstract_html":"Three experiments investigated whether graded contextual constraints produce graded on-line representations for contextually-defined categories. In Experiment 1, people read pairs of sentences. In each pair, the first sentence included a category term whose interpretation was constrained by contextual information to either a low, moderate, or high degree. The second, target sentence contained a category exemplar that matched the category better with each increase in constraint. The results showed that target sentence reading times were facilitated by high constraints only. In Experiment 2, when exemplars were presented as targets in a lexical decision task, facilitation increased with each increase in constraint. In Experiment 3, high constraints facilitated decision times of more appropriate exemplars, but inhibited decision times for less appropriate exemplars. Moderate constraints, weaker than those of Experiment 2, affected neither exemplar. Collectively, the results suggest the following about inferences for contextually-defined categories: (a) context must be fairly constraining for an inference to occur, (b) inferences contain information about a specific exemplar, not about a revised general category definition or a reduced scope of reference, (c) once instantiation by an exemplar occurs, its strength varies with the amount of contextual constraint.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Sadler, Daniel David"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Shoben, Edward J."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-05-07T14:13:20Z","date_published":"2011-05-07T14:13:20Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:21Z","subjects":["Psychology, Experimental"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["Copyright 1994 Sadler, Daniel David"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["AAI9503306","(UMI)AAI9503306"],"render_values":[{"text":"AAI9503306","href":null,"code":true},{"text":"(UMI)AAI9503306","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/23414","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Shoben, Edward J."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Sadler, Daniel David"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2011-05-07T14:13:20Z","10000-01-01","1994"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Psychology, Experimental"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 1994 Sadler, Daniel David"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["AAI9503306","(UMI)AAI9503306","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/23414"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Three experiments investigated whether graded contextual constraints produce graded on-line representations for contextually-defined categories. In Experiment 1, people read pairs of sentences. In each pair, the first sentence included a category term whose interpretation was constrained by contextual information to either a low, moderate, or high degree. The second, target sentence contained a category exemplar that matched the category better with each increase in constraint. The results showed that target sentence reading times were facilitated by high constraints only. In Experiment 2, when exemplars were presented as targets in a lexical decision task, facilitation increased with each increase in constraint. In Experiment 3, high constraints facilitated decision times of more appropriate exemplars, but inhibited decision times for less appropriate exemplars. Moderate constraints, weaker than those of Experiment 2, affected neither exemplar. Collectively, the results suggest the following about inferences for contextually-defined categories: (a) context must be fairly constraining for an inference to occur, (b) inferences contain information about a specific exemplar, not about a revised general category definition or a reduced scope of reference, (c) once instantiation by an exemplar occurs, its strength varies with the amount of contextual constraint.","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T14:13:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5) 9503306.pdf: 11007458 bytes, checksum: cd1024326f5e9c5d0c662b8f4252d997 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding (hding2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-07T15:04:19Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:30:43-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","U of I Only"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The effects of levels of sentential context on scope of reference for contextually defined categories"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Shoben, Edward J."],"dc:creator":["Sadler, Daniel David"],"dc:date":["2011-05-07T14:13:20Z","10000-01-01","1994"],"dc:description":["Three experiments investigated whether graded contextual constraints produce graded on-line representations for contextually-defined categories. In Experiment 1, people read pairs of sentences. In each pair, the first sentence included a category term whose interpretation was constrained by contextual information to either a low, moderate, or high degree. The second, target sentence contained a category exemplar that matched the category better with each increase in constraint. The results showed that target sentence reading times were facilitated by high constraints only. In Experiment 2, when exemplars were presented as targets in a lexical decision task, facilitation increased with each increase in constraint. In Experiment 3, high constraints facilitated decision times of more appropriate exemplars, but inhibited decision times for less appropriate exemplars. Moderate constraints, weaker than those of Experiment 2, affected neither exemplar. Collectively, the results suggest the following about inferences for contextually-defined categories: (a) context must be fairly constraining for an inference to occur, (b) inferences contain information about a specific exemplar, not about a revised general category definition or a reduced scope of reference, (c) once instantiation by an exemplar occurs, its strength varies with the amount of contextual constraint.","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T14:13:20Z (GMT). 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