{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/19793"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/19793","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Peacemaking in early modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643-1648","abstract":"The Congress of Westphalia has always been famous for two things: as the first modern multilateral peace conference, and for lasting more than five years. Most observers blame the failure to conclude a truce during the peace talks as the crucial reason for the length of the negotiations; statesmen on all sides, but especially Cardinal Mazarin, are held to have prolonged the conference deliberately in the hope of exploiting military success to make greater territorial gains in the peace treaty. Recently, a contrary view has sprung up that identifies Mazarin as an internationalist, almost a pacifist. In this assessment, the French military effort was incompetent, and French gains in the peace treaty minimal.","abstract_html":"The Congress of Westphalia has always been famous for two things: as the first modern multilateral peace conference, and for lasting more than five years. Most observers blame the failure to conclude a truce during the peace talks as the crucial reason for the length of the negotiations; statesmen on all sides, but especially Cardinal Mazarin, are held to have prolonged the conference deliberately in the hope of exploiting military success to make greater territorial gains in the peace treaty. Recently, a contrary view has sprung up that identifies Mazarin as an internationalist, almost a pacifist. In this assessment, the French military effort was incompetent, and French gains in the peace treaty minimal.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Croxton, Derek"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"History","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Lynn, John A."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-05-07T12:18:44Z","date_published":"2011-05-07T12:18:44Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:14Z","subjects":["Biography","History, European"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["Copyright 1996 Croxton, Derek"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9780591086775","AAI9702492","(UMI)AAI9702492"],"render_values":[{"text":"9780591086775","href":null,"code":true},{"text":"AAI9702492","href":null,"code":true},{"text":"(UMI)AAI9702492","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/19793","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Lynn, John A."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Croxton, Derek"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2011-05-07T12:18:44Z","10000-01-01","1996"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["History"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Biography","History, European"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 1996 Croxton, Derek"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9780591086775","AAI9702492","(UMI)AAI9702492","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/19793"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["The Congress of Westphalia has always been famous for two things: as the first modern multilateral peace conference, and for lasting more than five years. Most observers blame the failure to conclude a truce during the peace talks as the crucial reason for the length of the negotiations; statesmen on all sides, but especially Cardinal Mazarin, are held to have prolonged the conference deliberately in the hope of exploiting military success to make greater territorial gains in the peace treaty. Recently, a contrary view has sprung up that identifies Mazarin as an internationalist, almost a pacifist. In this assessment, the French military effort was incompetent, and French gains in the peace treaty minimal.","The dissertation resolves these conflicting views by a close study of Mazarin's negotiating policy, his military strategy, and their effect on one another. It concludes that Mazarin cannot be considered an internationalist, far less a pacifist, because he adopted a tough negotiating stance and an effective military policy. At the same time, the military campaigns cannot be blamed for the length of the negotiations, for Mazarin never increased his demands once he had made them formally. In fact, almost all French demands were resolved in the first six months of 1646. Why, then, did the war continue for another two and a half years?","The answer is that France was dependent on its allies, particularly Sweden. French policy was a delicate balancing act aimed at achieving maximum gains while offending as few of the many participating states as possible. Unsuccessful with regard to the Dutch, who deserted de facto in 1647, Mazarin was more cautious with regard to the Swedes. By remaining engaged in the German conflict in spite of his desire to turn France's full might against Spain, Mazarin assured France of substantial territorial gains in the Empire.","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5) 9702492.pdf: 21464718 bytes, checksum: e9a3533bcbdbe97a26c5bc5cccee6d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding (hding2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-07T14:39:28Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:16:39-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","U of I Only"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Peacemaking in early modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643-1648"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Lynn, John A."],"dc:creator":["Croxton, Derek"],"dc:date":["2011-05-07T12:18:44Z","10000-01-01","1996"],"dc:description":["The Congress of Westphalia has always been famous for two things: as the first modern multilateral peace conference, and for lasting more than five years. Most observers blame the failure to conclude a truce during the peace talks as the crucial reason for the length of the negotiations; statesmen on all sides, but especially Cardinal Mazarin, are held to have prolonged the conference deliberately in the hope of exploiting military success to make greater territorial gains in the peace treaty. Recently, a contrary view has sprung up that identifies Mazarin as an internationalist, almost a pacifist. In this assessment, the French military effort was incompetent, and French gains in the peace treaty minimal.","The dissertation resolves these conflicting views by a close study of Mazarin's negotiating policy, his military strategy, and their effect on one another. It concludes that Mazarin cannot be considered an internationalist, far less a pacifist, because he adopted a tough negotiating stance and an effective military policy. At the same time, the military campaigns cannot be blamed for the length of the negotiations, for Mazarin never increased his demands once he had made them formally. In fact, almost all French demands were resolved in the first six months of 1646. Why, then, did the war continue for another two and a half years?","The answer is that France was dependent on its allies, particularly Sweden. French policy was a delicate balancing act aimed at achieving maximum gains while offending as few of the many participating states as possible. Unsuccessful with regard to the Dutch, who deserted de facto in 1647, Mazarin was more cautious with regard to the Swedes. By remaining engaged in the German conflict in spite of his desire to turn France's full might against Spain, Mazarin assured France of substantial territorial gains in the Empire.","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5) 9702492.pdf: 21464718 bytes, checksum: e9a3533bcbdbe97a26c5bc5cccee6d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding (hding2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-07T14:39:28Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:16:39-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","U of I Only"],"dc:identifier":["9780591086775","AAI9702492","(UMI)AAI9702492","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/19793"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 1996 Croxton, Derek"],"dc:subject":["Biography","History, European"],"dc:title":["Peacemaking in early modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643-1648"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["History"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:14Z"}