{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/19296"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/19296","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Factors affecting utilization of niacin and its precursors by chicks","abstract":"Experiments were conducted to study nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, NAD and tryptophan as sources of niacin for the chick. The chicks were fed ad libitum in all experiments. A niacin-deficient diet based upon corn and casein was used to establish growth-promoting efficacy of several sources of niacin activity. In the presence of excess dietary nicotinamide, chicks fed the corn-casein diet achieved maximal weight gain when 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan was supplemented. Weight gain in the linear response surface of the growth curve proved to be a far better measure of niacin bioactivity than tissue accumulation of NAD(P). Multiple linear regression and slope-ratio growth efficacy studies indicated that; nicotinamide in NAD was utilized with an efficiency of 95% relative to nicotinamide used as standard (100%). When nicotinic acid was used as a standard (100%) the relative bioactivity of nicotinamide was 124%; whereas excess dietary tryptophan was 1.94 $\\pm$ 0.14% as efficient (wt:wt) as nicotinic acid (52:1) in furnishing bioavailable niacin activity. A niacin-deficient purified amino acid diet that contained adequate (40 mg/kg) or deficient (10 or 15 mg/kg) iron was used to assess the growth promoting efficacy of tryptophan as a niacin precursor. Chicks fed the iron deficient diets had lower ($P<0.05$) hemoglobin than those fed iron-adequate diets. The efficiency (wt:wt) of tryptophan conversion to niacin activity was a mean of 1.77% (56:1) for chicks fed the iron-deficient diet. This was significantly ($P<0.05$) lower than the 2.39% (42:1) efficiency calculated for chicks fed the iron-adequate diet. Thus, iron deficiency reduced tryptophan utilization (for NAD synthesis) but had no effect on nicotinic acid utilization. The results suggest that endemic pellagra in less developed countries results not only from inadequate niacin ingestion but also from subadequate iron ingestion.","abstract_html":"Experiments were conducted to study nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, NAD and tryptophan as sources of niacin for the chick. The chicks were fed ad libitum in all experiments. A niacin-deficient diet based upon corn and casein was used to establish growth-promoting efficacy of several sources of niacin activity. In the presence of excess dietary nicotinamide, chicks fed the corn-casein diet achieved maximal weight gain when 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan was supplemented. Weight gain in the linear response surface of the growth curve proved to be a far better measure of niacin bioactivity than tissue accumulation of NAD(P). Multiple linear regression and slope-ratio growth efficacy studies indicated that; nicotinamide in NAD was utilized with an efficiency of 95% relative to nicotinamide used as standard (100%). When nicotinic acid was used as a standard (100%) the relative bioactivity of nicotinamide was 124%; whereas excess dietary tryptophan was 1.94 $\\pm$ 0.14% as efficient (wt:wt) as nicotinic acid (52:1) in furnishing bioavailable niacin activity. A niacin-deficient purified amino acid diet that contained adequate (40 mg/kg) or deficient (10 or 15 mg/kg) iron was used to assess the growth promoting efficacy of tryptophan as a niacin precursor. Chicks fed the iron deficient diets had lower ($P&lt;0.05$) hemoglobin than those fed iron-adequate diets. The efficiency (wt:wt) of tryptophan conversion to niacin activity was a mean of 1.77% (56:1) for chicks fed the iron-deficient diet. This was significantly ($P&lt;0.05$) lower than the 2.39% (42:1) efficiency calculated for chicks fed the iron-adequate diet. Thus, iron deficiency reduced tryptophan utilization (for NAD synthesis) but had no effect on nicotinic acid utilization. The results suggest that endemic pellagra in less developed countries results not only from inadequate niacin ingestion but also from subadequate iron ingestion.","abstract_has_math":true,"creators":["Oduho, George William"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Animal Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Baker, David H."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-05-07T12:03:05Z","date_published":"2011-05-07T12:03:05Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:12Z","subjects":["Biology, Animal Physiology","Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition","Health Sciences, Nutrition"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["Copyright 1994 Oduho, George William"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["AAI9416419","(UMI)AAI9416419"],"render_values":[{"text":"AAI9416419","href":null,"code":true},{"text":"(UMI)AAI9416419","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/19296","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Baker, David H."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Oduho, George William"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2011-05-07T12:03:05Z","10000-01-01","1994"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Animal Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Biology, Animal Physiology","Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition","Health Sciences, Nutrition"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 1994 Oduho, George William"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["AAI9416419","(UMI)AAI9416419","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/19296"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Experiments were conducted to study nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, NAD and tryptophan as sources of niacin for the chick. The chicks were fed ad libitum in all experiments. A niacin-deficient diet based upon corn and casein was used to establish growth-promoting efficacy of several sources of niacin activity. In the presence of excess dietary nicotinamide, chicks fed the corn-casein diet achieved maximal weight gain when 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan was supplemented. Weight gain in the linear response surface of the growth curve proved to be a far better measure of niacin bioactivity than tissue accumulation of NAD(P). Multiple linear regression and slope-ratio growth efficacy studies indicated that; nicotinamide in NAD was utilized with an efficiency of 95% relative to nicotinamide used as standard (100%). When nicotinic acid was used as a standard (100%) the relative bioactivity of nicotinamide was 124%; whereas excess dietary tryptophan was 1.94 $\\pm$ 0.14% as efficient (wt:wt) as nicotinic acid (52:1) in furnishing bioavailable niacin activity. A niacin-deficient purified amino acid diet that contained adequate (40 mg/kg) or deficient (10 or 15 mg/kg) iron was used to assess the growth promoting efficacy of tryptophan as a niacin precursor. Chicks fed the iron deficient diets had lower ($P<0.05$) hemoglobin than those fed iron-adequate diets. The efficiency (wt:wt) of tryptophan conversion to niacin activity was a mean of 1.77% (56:1) for chicks fed the iron-deficient diet. This was significantly ($P<0.05$) lower than the 2.39% (42:1) efficiency calculated for chicks fed the iron-adequate diet. Thus, iron deficiency reduced tryptophan utilization (for NAD synthesis) but had no effect on nicotinic acid utilization. The results suggest that endemic pellagra in less developed countries results not only from inadequate niacin ingestion but also from subadequate iron ingestion.","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5) 9416419.pdf: 2663079 bytes, checksum: d4c6f6649d2c6650952dcebb1fc58451 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding (hding2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-07T14:35:59Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:14:24-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","U of I Only"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Factors affecting utilization of niacin and its precursors by chicks"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Baker, David H."],"dc:creator":["Oduho, George William"],"dc:date":["2011-05-07T12:03:05Z","10000-01-01","1994"],"dc:description":["Experiments were conducted to study nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, NAD and tryptophan as sources of niacin for the chick. The chicks were fed ad libitum in all experiments. A niacin-deficient diet based upon corn and casein was used to establish growth-promoting efficacy of several sources of niacin activity. In the presence of excess dietary nicotinamide, chicks fed the corn-casein diet achieved maximal weight gain when 100 mg/kg L-tryptophan was supplemented. Weight gain in the linear response surface of the growth curve proved to be a far better measure of niacin bioactivity than tissue accumulation of NAD(P). Multiple linear regression and slope-ratio growth efficacy studies indicated that; nicotinamide in NAD was utilized with an efficiency of 95% relative to nicotinamide used as standard (100%). When nicotinic acid was used as a standard (100%) the relative bioactivity of nicotinamide was 124%; whereas excess dietary tryptophan was 1.94 $\\pm$ 0.14% as efficient (wt:wt) as nicotinic acid (52:1) in furnishing bioavailable niacin activity. A niacin-deficient purified amino acid diet that contained adequate (40 mg/kg) or deficient (10 or 15 mg/kg) iron was used to assess the growth promoting efficacy of tryptophan as a niacin precursor. Chicks fed the iron deficient diets had lower ($P<0.05$) hemoglobin than those fed iron-adequate diets. The efficiency (wt:wt) of tryptophan conversion to niacin activity was a mean of 1.77% (56:1) for chicks fed the iron-deficient diet. This was significantly ($P<0.05$) lower than the 2.39% (42:1) efficiency calculated for chicks fed the iron-adequate diet. Thus, iron deficiency reduced tryptophan utilization (for NAD synthesis) but had no effect on nicotinic acid utilization. The results suggest that endemic pellagra in less developed countries results not only from inadequate niacin ingestion but also from subadequate iron ingestion.","Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:03:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5) 9416419.pdf: 2663079 bytes, checksum: d4c6f6649d2c6650952dcebb1fc58451 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994","Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding (hding2@illinois.edu) on 2011-05-07T14:35:59Z Item is restricted indefinitely.","Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:14:24-05:00 Original Data Group with Access UIUC Users [automated] Release Date: none Reason: ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","ETDs are only available to UIUC Users without author permission","U of I Only"],"dc:identifier":["AAI9416419","(UMI)AAI9416419","http://hdl.handle.net/2142/19296"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 1994 Oduho, George William"],"dc:subject":["Biology, Animal Physiology","Agriculture, Animal Culture and Nutrition","Health Sciences, Nutrition"],"dc:title":["Factors affecting utilization of niacin and its precursors by chicks"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Animal Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:12Z"}