{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/17052"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/17052","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Neuroendocrine mechanisms of behavioral changes induced by hypoglycemia","abstract":"Hypoglycemia is associated with a variety of adverse behaviors including fatigue, confusion, social withdrawal, anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors. While these clinical symptoms are well characterized, the mechanisms of their cause are not understood. Here, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes social withdrawal and changes in mood. To investigate effects on social withdrawal, male 8-12-week-old C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline and/or insulin (0.8 or 1.2units/kg). Insulin generated significant hypoglycemia with the lowest blood glucose levels of 64±4 and 48±5mg/dl for 0.8 and 1.2units/kg of insulin, respectively. Insulin at either dose caused near total social withdrawal at 0.75h, with full recovery not occurring until 4h (0.8units/kg) or 8h (1.2units/kg) post-insulin injection. Insulin also caused a marked elevation in plasma catecholamines. Basal 12h fasting norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) were 287±38 and 350±47pg/ml, respectively. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma NE and Epi to 994±73 and 1842±472 pg/ml, respectively. Administration of exogenous NE or Epi caused social withdrawal similar in magnitude to insulin. Importantly, administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline also caused social withdrawal, while administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist butoxamine blocked NE-induced social withdrawal. Finally, butoxamine blocked insulin-induced social withdrawal. These data demonstrate that hypoglycemia-associated social withdrawal is dependent on catecholamines via a β-2 receptor-mediated pathway. Next, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes anhedonia and depressive-like behavior. Saccharin preference testing 24h post hypoglycemia showed that mice receiving insulin (0.8 units/kg) had saccharin aversion (62% vs 90.5% of total fluid consumption). In addition, mice administered insulin had increased immobility in the forced swim test that took 48h to rectify. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma corticosterone (325±23pg/ml vs. 119±32pg/ml), Epi (814±254pg/ml vs. 350±40pg/ml), and NE (541±155pg/ml vs. 265±28pg/ml) at 24h post insulin treatment. Importantly, blocking of the adrenergic receptors with phentolamine, metoprolol and butoxamine, or treatment with the anti-depressants (fluoxetine and desipramine) ablated the insulin-induced saccharin aversion and increased immobility in forced swim test. Taken together, these data indicate that anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors are induced by hypoglycemia and those behaviors are dependent on catecholamines in an adrenergic receptor-mediated manner.","abstract_html":"Hypoglycemia is associated with a variety of adverse behaviors including fatigue, confusion, social withdrawal, anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors. While these clinical symptoms are well characterized, the mechanisms of their cause are not understood. Here, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes social withdrawal and changes in mood. To investigate effects on social withdrawal, male 8-12-week-old C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline and/or insulin (0.8 or 1.2units/kg). Insulin generated significant hypoglycemia with the lowest blood glucose levels of 64±4 and 48±5mg/dl for 0.8 and 1.2units/kg of insulin, respectively. Insulin at either dose caused near total social withdrawal at 0.75h, with full recovery not occurring until 4h (0.8units/kg) or 8h (1.2units/kg) post-insulin injection. Insulin also caused a marked elevation in plasma catecholamines. Basal 12h fasting norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) were 287±38 and 350±47pg/ml, respectively. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma NE and Epi to 994±73 and 1842±472 pg/ml, respectively. Administration of exogenous NE or Epi caused social withdrawal similar in magnitude to insulin. Importantly, administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline also caused social withdrawal, while administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist butoxamine blocked NE-induced social withdrawal. Finally, butoxamine blocked insulin-induced social withdrawal. These data demonstrate that hypoglycemia-associated social withdrawal is dependent on catecholamines via a β-2 receptor-mediated pathway. Next, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes anhedonia and depressive-like behavior. Saccharin preference testing 24h post hypoglycemia showed that mice receiving insulin (0.8 units/kg) had saccharin aversion (62% vs 90.5% of total fluid consumption). In addition, mice administered insulin had increased immobility in the forced swim test that took 48h to rectify. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma corticosterone (325±23pg/ml vs. 119±32pg/ml), Epi (814±254pg/ml vs. 350±40pg/ml), and NE (541±155pg/ml vs. 265±28pg/ml) at 24h post insulin treatment. Importantly, blocking of the adrenergic receptors with phentolamine, metoprolol and butoxamine, or treatment with the anti-depressants (fluoxetine and desipramine) ablated the insulin-induced saccharin aversion and increased immobility in forced swim test. Taken together, these data indicate that anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors are induced by hypoglycemia and those behaviors are dependent on catecholamines in an adrenergic receptor-mediated manner.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Park, Min Jung"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Nutritional Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Freund, Gregory G.","Donovan, Sharon M.","Johnson, Rodney W.","Woods, Jeffrey A."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2010,"date_issued":"2010-08-31T20:30:38Z","date_published":"2010-08-31T20:30:38Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:09Z","subjects":["insulin","hypoglycemia","social exploration","social withdrawal","depression","depressive-like behavior","adrenergic receptors","antidepressants","norepinephrine","epinephrine","corticosterone","mice"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2010 Min Jung Park"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/17052","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Freund, Gregory G.","Donovan, Sharon M.","Johnson, Rodney W.","Woods, Jeffrey A."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Park, Min Jung"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2010-08-31T20:30:38Z","2012-09-07T16:43:39Z","2010-08"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Nutritional Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["insulin","hypoglycemia","social exploration","social withdrawal","depression","depressive-like behavior","adrenergic receptors","antidepressants","norepinephrine","epinephrine","corticosterone","mice"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2010 Min Jung Park"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/17052"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Hypoglycemia is associated with a variety of adverse behaviors including fatigue, confusion, social withdrawal, anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors. While these clinical symptoms are well characterized, the mechanisms of their cause are not understood. Here, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes social withdrawal and changes in mood. To investigate effects on social withdrawal, male 8-12-week-old C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline and/or insulin (0.8 or 1.2units/kg). Insulin generated significant hypoglycemia with the lowest blood glucose levels of 64±4 and 48±5mg/dl for 0.8 and 1.2units/kg of insulin, respectively. Insulin at either dose caused near total social withdrawal at 0.75h, with full recovery not occurring until 4h (0.8units/kg) or 8h (1.2units/kg) post-insulin injection. Insulin also caused a marked elevation in plasma catecholamines. Basal 12h fasting norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) were 287±38 and 350±47pg/ml, respectively. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma NE and Epi to 994±73 and 1842±472 pg/ml, respectively. Administration of exogenous NE or Epi caused social withdrawal similar in magnitude to insulin. Importantly, administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline also caused social withdrawal, while administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist butoxamine blocked NE-induced social withdrawal. Finally, butoxamine blocked insulin-induced social withdrawal. These data demonstrate that hypoglycemia-associated social withdrawal is dependent on catecholamines via a β-2 receptor-mediated pathway. Next, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes anhedonia and depressive-like behavior. Saccharin preference testing 24h post hypoglycemia showed that mice receiving insulin (0.8 units/kg) had saccharin aversion (62% vs 90.5% of total fluid consumption). In addition, mice administered insulin had increased immobility in the forced swim test that took 48h to rectify. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma corticosterone (325±23pg/ml vs. 119±32pg/ml), Epi (814±254pg/ml vs. 350±40pg/ml), and NE (541±155pg/ml vs. 265±28pg/ml) at 24h post insulin treatment. Importantly, blocking of the adrenergic receptors with phentolamine, metoprolol and butoxamine, or treatment with the anti-depressants (fluoxetine and desipramine) ablated the insulin-induced saccharin aversion and increased immobility in forced swim test. Taken together, these data indicate that anhedonia and depressive-like behaviors are induced by hypoglycemia and those behaviors are dependent on catecholamines in an adrenergic receptor-mediated manner.","Item withdrawn by Alexis Thompson (athmpsn1@illinois.edu) on 2010-07-15T13:52:58Z Item was in collections: University of Illinois Theses & Dissertations (ID: 1) No. of bitstreams: 2 Park_Min Jung.doc: 1629696 bytes, checksum: 8ac8aef2ca91dcaf7d0af8016ffac6fa (MD5) Park_Min Jung.pdf: 1157274 bytes, checksum: 3b54ce5e9646296dfc6900574e37cbdf (MD5)","Made available in DSpace on 2010-08-31T20:30:38Z (GMT). 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While these clinical symptoms are well characterized, the mechanisms of their cause are not understood. Here, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes social withdrawal and changes in mood. To investigate effects on social withdrawal, male 8-12-week-old C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline and/or insulin (0.8 or 1.2units/kg). Insulin generated significant hypoglycemia with the lowest blood glucose levels of 64±4 and 48±5mg/dl for 0.8 and 1.2units/kg of insulin, respectively. Insulin at either dose caused near total social withdrawal at 0.75h, with full recovery not occurring until 4h (0.8units/kg) or 8h (1.2units/kg) post-insulin injection. Insulin also caused a marked elevation in plasma catecholamines. Basal 12h fasting norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) were 287±38 and 350±47pg/ml, respectively. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma NE and Epi to 994±73 and 1842±472 pg/ml, respectively. Administration of exogenous NE or Epi caused social withdrawal similar in magnitude to insulin. Importantly, administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline also caused social withdrawal, while administration of the β-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist butoxamine blocked NE-induced social withdrawal. Finally, butoxamine blocked insulin-induced social withdrawal. These data demonstrate that hypoglycemia-associated social withdrawal is dependent on catecholamines via a β-2 receptor-mediated pathway. Next, we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes anhedonia and depressive-like behavior. Saccharin preference testing 24h post hypoglycemia showed that mice receiving insulin (0.8 units/kg) had saccharin aversion (62% vs 90.5% of total fluid consumption). In addition, mice administered insulin had increased immobility in the forced swim test that took 48h to rectify. Insulin at 0.8units/kg increased plasma corticosterone (325±23pg/ml vs. 119±32pg/ml), Epi (814±254pg/ml vs. 350±40pg/ml), and NE (541±155pg/ml vs. 265±28pg/ml) at 24h post insulin treatment. Importantly, blocking of the adrenergic receptors with phentolamine, metoprolol and butoxamine, or treatment with the anti-depressants (fluoxetine and desipramine) ablated the insulin-induced saccharin aversion and increased immobility in forced swim test. 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