Dwindling pastures and fading futures: Gaddi girls’ access to education in Western Himalayas
This qualitative study examines how state-driven forest conservation policies in the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh influence the socio-economic and cultural landscape of the Gaddi transhumant pastoral communities in the Indian Himalayas. It aims to understand the key socio-economic, cultural, and policy barriers that affect Gaddi girls’ access to formal education. The study explores how disruptions to traditional migratory practices, caused by erratic climatic changes and government-run plantation programs, impact the livelihoods of Gaddi graziers and, in turn, shape educational opportunities for girls. Through interviews and focus group discussions, it investigates what education means to Gaddi parents and communities, and how it is perceived by Gaddi girls themselves. Findings indicate that changing livelihoods and modernization are reshaping Gaddi community norms and culture. Families are becoming more flexible with gender roles, and Gaddi women and girls are increasingly seeking agency in decisions regarding their lives and traditional pastoral livelihoods. Education is viewed as a tool to challenge gender expectations and expand opportunities beyond a pastoral way of life. Factors such as improved road connectivity, educated and financially secure parents, supportive male siblings, positive role models, and access to technology significantly influence Gaddi girls' access to education. However, disparities persist, particularly in regions where socio-cultural and economic barriers continue to constrain access. Applying the frameworks of Human Capability and Critical Feminism, this study argues that these barriers limit the freedoms and capabilities of Gaddi girls and reinforce restrictive social norms. It concludes that gender inequality in Gaddi pastoral communities can be addressed by ensuring equal rights, resources, and opportunities for women and girls. Only then will Gaddi girls be better equipped to achieve well-being, adapt to changing livelihoods, and contribute to the sustainability of pastoralism.
University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign
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