{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/129157"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/129157","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Subcritical time-dependent response of Berea sandstone","abstract":"With the increasing development of underground engineering projects in rock formations, construction and storage activities introduce stress disturbances within the subsurface layers. The response of rocks to these disturbances unfolds over extended periods, sometimes spanning months to years, giving rise to time-dependent deformation. Laboratory- and field-scale observations indicate that such time-dependent behavior can lead to significant changes in material properties, as well as the formation of micro- and macro-cracks within the intact rock. The presence of in-situ pore fluids further complicates the process by promoting the crack growth due to stress corrosion cracking and modifying the stress field during the diffusion process. All of these factors pose additional and unpredictable risks to engineering stability, even before the material reaches its apparent strength limit. In this study, the constitutive model describing poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior of a fluid-saturated rock is adopted. Inelastic time-dependent deformation of Berea sandstone is evaluated in the compression tests, with a stepwise loading method applied. To assess time-dependent behavior, axial and lateral strains are measured during uniaxial compression, as well as triaxial drained and undrained compression tests. Both shear and bulk viscosity are calculated to track changes across different loading stages. Additionally, acoustic emission is monitored throughout each experiment to observe the evolution of microcracks as the load increases. The evolution of permeability (closely related to deformation of the pore space) is also recorded at different stages of loading. This set of interrelated attributes offers a comprehensive and reliable characterization of the fundamental principles governing time-dependent deformation in rocks under different boundary conditions. This study indicates that creep exhibits a linear trend at low-pressure stages, while, when deviatoric stress reaches 80% of the ultimate load-bearing capacity, all measured indicators show significant changes. Shear viscosity and bulk viscosity decrease with increase in deviatoric stress and this tendency accelerates while approaching failure. Permeability also decreases throughout the test and during each creep stage due to the compaction of the specimens. The acoustic emission activity, in general, is found to be well correlated with the loading stages during the creep tests, accelerating closer to failure. The findings of this study can be used for the assessment of subcritical behavior of rock under different drainage conditions.","abstract_html":"With the increasing development of underground engineering projects in rock formations, construction and storage activities introduce stress disturbances within the subsurface layers. The response of rocks to these disturbances unfolds over extended periods, sometimes spanning months to years, giving rise to time-dependent deformation. Laboratory- and field-scale observations indicate that such time-dependent behavior can lead to significant changes in material properties, as well as the formation of micro- and macro-cracks within the intact rock. The presence of in-situ pore fluids further complicates the process by promoting the crack growth due to stress corrosion cracking and modifying the stress field during the diffusion process. All of these factors pose additional and unpredictable risks to engineering stability, even before the material reaches its apparent strength limit. In this study, the constitutive model describing poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior of a fluid-saturated rock is adopted. Inelastic time-dependent deformation of Berea sandstone is evaluated in the compression tests, with a stepwise loading method applied. To assess time-dependent behavior, axial and lateral strains are measured during uniaxial compression, as well as triaxial drained and undrained compression tests. Both shear and bulk viscosity are calculated to track changes across different loading stages. Additionally, acoustic emission is monitored throughout each experiment to observe the evolution of microcracks as the load increases. The evolution of permeability (closely related to deformation of the pore space) is also recorded at different stages of loading. This set of interrelated attributes offers a comprehensive and reliable characterization of the fundamental principles governing time-dependent deformation in rocks under different boundary conditions. This study indicates that creep exhibits a linear trend at low-pressure stages, while, when deviatoric stress reaches 80% of the ultimate load-bearing capacity, all measured indicators show significant changes. Shear viscosity and bulk viscosity decrease with increase in deviatoric stress and this tendency accelerates while approaching failure. Permeability also decreases throughout the test and during each creep stage due to the compaction of the specimens. The acoustic emission activity, in general, is found to be well correlated with the loading stages during the creep tests, accelerating closer to failure. The findings of this study can be used for the assessment of subcritical behavior of rock under different drainage conditions.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Ding, Shirui"],"institution":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Civil Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Makhnenko, Roman Y"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2025,"date_issued":"2025-05","date_published":"2025-05","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:04Z","subjects":["Time-dependent response","Berea sandstone","poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior","acoustic emission"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2025 Shirui Ding"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/129157","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Makhnenko, Roman Y"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Ding, Shirui"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2025-05","2024-12-16"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Civil Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Time-dependent response","Berea sandstone","poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior","acoustic emission"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2025 Shirui Ding"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/129157"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["With the increasing development of underground engineering projects in rock formations, construction and storage activities introduce stress disturbances within the subsurface layers. The response of rocks to these disturbances unfolds over extended periods, sometimes spanning months to years, giving rise to time-dependent deformation. Laboratory- and field-scale observations indicate that such time-dependent behavior can lead to significant changes in material properties, as well as the formation of micro- and macro-cracks within the intact rock. The presence of in-situ pore fluids further complicates the process by promoting the crack growth due to stress corrosion cracking and modifying the stress field during the diffusion process. All of these factors pose additional and unpredictable risks to engineering stability, even before the material reaches its apparent strength limit. In this study, the constitutive model describing poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior of a fluid-saturated rock is adopted. Inelastic time-dependent deformation of Berea sandstone is evaluated in the compression tests, with a stepwise loading method applied. To assess time-dependent behavior, axial and lateral strains are measured during uniaxial compression, as well as triaxial drained and undrained compression tests. Both shear and bulk viscosity are calculated to track changes across different loading stages. Additionally, acoustic emission is monitored throughout each experiment to observe the evolution of microcracks as the load increases. The evolution of permeability (closely related to deformation of the pore space) is also recorded at different stages of loading. This set of interrelated attributes offers a comprehensive and reliable characterization of the fundamental principles governing time-dependent deformation in rocks under different boundary conditions. This study indicates that creep exhibits a linear trend at low-pressure stages, while, when deviatoric stress reaches 80% of the ultimate load-bearing capacity, all measured indicators show significant changes. Shear viscosity and bulk viscosity decrease with increase in deviatoric stress and this tendency accelerates while approaching failure. Permeability also decreases throughout the test and during each creep stage due to the compaction of the specimens. The acoustic emission activity, in general, is found to be well correlated with the loading stages during the creep tests, accelerating closer to failure. The findings of this study can be used for the assessment of subcritical behavior of rock under different drainage conditions.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-19 without embargo terms","The student, Shirui Ding, accepted the attached license on 2024-12-13 at 16:37.","The student, Shirui Ding, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2024-12-13 at 16:49.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2024-12-16 at 11:45.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #21598 on 2025-10-19 at 18:08:34"]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Subcritical time-dependent response of Berea sandstone"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Makhnenko, Roman Y"],"dc:creator":["Ding, Shirui"],"dc:date":["2025-05","2024-12-16"],"dc:description":["With the increasing development of underground engineering projects in rock formations, construction and storage activities introduce stress disturbances within the subsurface layers. The response of rocks to these disturbances unfolds over extended periods, sometimes spanning months to years, giving rise to time-dependent deformation. Laboratory- and field-scale observations indicate that such time-dependent behavior can lead to significant changes in material properties, as well as the formation of micro- and macro-cracks within the intact rock. The presence of in-situ pore fluids further complicates the process by promoting the crack growth due to stress corrosion cracking and modifying the stress field during the diffusion process. All of these factors pose additional and unpredictable risks to engineering stability, even before the material reaches its apparent strength limit. In this study, the constitutive model describing poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior of a fluid-saturated rock is adopted. Inelastic time-dependent deformation of Berea sandstone is evaluated in the compression tests, with a stepwise loading method applied. To assess time-dependent behavior, axial and lateral strains are measured during uniaxial compression, as well as triaxial drained and undrained compression tests. Both shear and bulk viscosity are calculated to track changes across different loading stages. Additionally, acoustic emission is monitored throughout each experiment to observe the evolution of microcracks as the load increases. The evolution of permeability (closely related to deformation of the pore space) is also recorded at different stages of loading. This set of interrelated attributes offers a comprehensive and reliable characterization of the fundamental principles governing time-dependent deformation in rocks under different boundary conditions. This study indicates that creep exhibits a linear trend at low-pressure stages, while, when deviatoric stress reaches 80% of the ultimate load-bearing capacity, all measured indicators show significant changes. Shear viscosity and bulk viscosity decrease with increase in deviatoric stress and this tendency accelerates while approaching failure. Permeability also decreases throughout the test and during each creep stage due to the compaction of the specimens. The acoustic emission activity, in general, is found to be well correlated with the loading stages during the creep tests, accelerating closer to failure. The findings of this study can be used for the assessment of subcritical behavior of rock under different drainage conditions.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-19 without embargo terms","The student, Shirui Ding, accepted the attached license on 2024-12-13 at 16:37.","The student, Shirui Ding, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2024-12-13 at 16:49.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2024-12-16 at 11:45.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #21598 on 2025-10-19 at 18:08:34"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/129157"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2025 Shirui Ding"],"dc:subject":["Time-dependent response","Berea sandstone","poro-visco-elasto-plastic behavior","acoustic emission"],"dc:title":["Subcritical time-dependent response of Berea sandstone"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Civil Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:04Z"}