{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/124150"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/124150","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Receptor tyrosine kinase target validation and combinatorial strategies to circumvent small molecule therapeutic resistance in canine metastatic insulinoma","abstract":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2024-09-16 without embargo terms","abstract_html":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2024-09-16 without embargo terms","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Seelman, Amanda"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"VMS-Veterinary Clinical Medcne","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Fan, Timothy","Gal, Arnon","McCoy, Anne"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024-05","date_published":"2024-05","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:00Z","subjects":["Insulinoma","Toceranib Phosphate"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2024 Amanda Seelman"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/124150","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Fan, Timothy","Gal, Arnon","McCoy, Anne"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Seelman, Amanda"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2024-05","2024-05-02"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["VMS-Veterinary Clinical Medcne"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Insulinoma","Toceranib Phosphate"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2024 Amanda Seelman"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/124150"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2024-09-16 without embargo terms","The student, Amanda Seelman, accepted the attached license on 2024-03-06 at 12:09.","The student, Amanda Seelman, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2024-03-06 at 12:41.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2024-05-02 at 16:25.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #20245 on 2024-09-16 at 00:33:26","Canine insulinoma is a malignant and metastatic tumor of the endocrine pancreas. Clinical evidence suggests that toceranib phosphate (Palladia), a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor of c-kit, VEGFR, and PDGFR, might improve outcomes in dogs with insulinoma; yet some affected dogs do not derive benefit. Surprisingly, validating the expression and functionality of toceranib molecular targets has not been confirmed in canine insulinoma, nor have combinatorial strategies explored for overcoming resistance mechanisms. Provocatively, Phase I human trials have identified PAC-1, a small molecule activator of procaspase-3 (PC3), to exert not only single-agent activity in neuroendocrine tumors, but also to circumvent resistance mechanisms employed by cancer in response to RTK inhibitors. Herein, we determine if molecular targets of toceranib and PAC-1 are expressed in canine insulinoma, and if combination treatments can generate synergistic killing and unique gene transcriptional responses, along with how they affect survival and proliferation pathways. A canine insulinoma cell line (canINS), outcome-linked insulinoma tissue microarray, and 20 canine paired primary and metastatic insulinoma tissues were evaluated for PC3, c-kit, VEGFR, and PDGFR expression. Sensitivity and transcriptional responses of canINS to toceranib and PAC-1 were evaluated via viability assays, western blot, and RNAseq. Insulinomas express c-kit and VEGFR, but not PDGFRβ in meaningful amounts. Expression of PC3 was identified in most samples, with expressions being highest in metastatic lesions and correlated with prognosis. In culture, canINS was resistant to Palladia alone, but combination with PAC-1 resulted in sensitization. RNAseq identified putative drug resistance responses and unique cell death induction pathways. Members of the MAPK and AKT pathway were affected by treatments. Canine insulinomas express molecular targets that are druggable with oral therapeutics (toceranib/PAC-1), and when combined, exert synergistic anticancer activities. Given these additive properties, toceranib and PAC-1 would be predicted to improve treatment responses in dogs with metastatic insulinoma."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Receptor tyrosine kinase target validation and combinatorial strategies to circumvent small molecule therapeutic resistance in canine metastatic insulinoma"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Fan, Timothy","Gal, Arnon","McCoy, Anne"],"dc:creator":["Seelman, Amanda"],"dc:date":["2024-05","2024-05-02"],"dc:description":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2024-09-16 without embargo terms","The student, Amanda Seelman, accepted the attached license on 2024-03-06 at 12:09.","The student, Amanda Seelman, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2024-03-06 at 12:41.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2024-05-02 at 16:25.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #20245 on 2024-09-16 at 00:33:26","Canine insulinoma is a malignant and metastatic tumor of the endocrine pancreas. Clinical evidence suggests that toceranib phosphate (Palladia), a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor of c-kit, VEGFR, and PDGFR, might improve outcomes in dogs with insulinoma; yet some affected dogs do not derive benefit. Surprisingly, validating the expression and functionality of toceranib molecular targets has not been confirmed in canine insulinoma, nor have combinatorial strategies explored for overcoming resistance mechanisms. Provocatively, Phase I human trials have identified PAC-1, a small molecule activator of procaspase-3 (PC3), to exert not only single-agent activity in neuroendocrine tumors, but also to circumvent resistance mechanisms employed by cancer in response to RTK inhibitors. Herein, we determine if molecular targets of toceranib and PAC-1 are expressed in canine insulinoma, and if combination treatments can generate synergistic killing and unique gene transcriptional responses, along with how they affect survival and proliferation pathways. A canine insulinoma cell line (canINS), outcome-linked insulinoma tissue microarray, and 20 canine paired primary and metastatic insulinoma tissues were evaluated for PC3, c-kit, VEGFR, and PDGFR expression. Sensitivity and transcriptional responses of canINS to toceranib and PAC-1 were evaluated via viability assays, western blot, and RNAseq. Insulinomas express c-kit and VEGFR, but not PDGFRβ in meaningful amounts. Expression of PC3 was identified in most samples, with expressions being highest in metastatic lesions and correlated with prognosis. In culture, canINS was resistant to Palladia alone, but combination with PAC-1 resulted in sensitization. RNAseq identified putative drug resistance responses and unique cell death induction pathways. Members of the MAPK and AKT pathway were affected by treatments. Canine insulinomas express molecular targets that are druggable with oral therapeutics (toceranib/PAC-1), and when combined, exert synergistic anticancer activities. Given these additive properties, toceranib and PAC-1 would be predicted to improve treatment responses in dogs with metastatic insulinoma."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/124150"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2024 Amanda Seelman"],"dc:subject":["Insulinoma","Toceranib Phosphate"],"dc:title":["Receptor tyrosine kinase target validation and combinatorial strategies to circumvent small molecule therapeutic resistance in canine metastatic insulinoma"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["VMS-Veterinary Clinical Medcne"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:25:00Z"}