{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/120170"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/120170","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Examination of syncytin-1 and syncytin-2 in simian genera","abstract":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-09-01 without embargo terms","abstract_html":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-09-01 without embargo terms","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Alhazmy, Raghid Fawzi A"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Bioinformatics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Roca, Alfred","Torvik, Vetle"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-05","date_published":"2023-05","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z","subjects":["Endogenous Retrovirus","Simian","Open Reading Frame","Genome","Gene","Apes","Old World Monkeys","New World Monkeys","Retroviruses","Syncytin"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2023 Raghid Alhazmy"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/120170","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Roca, Alfred","Torvik, Vetle"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Alhazmy, Raghid Fawzi A"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2023-05","2023-05-03"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Bioinformatics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Endogenous Retrovirus","Simian","Open Reading Frame","Genome","Gene","Apes","Old World Monkeys","New World Monkeys","Retroviruses","Syncytin"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2023 Raghid Alhazmy"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/120170"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-09-01 without embargo terms","The student, Raghid Alhazmy, accepted the attached license on 2023-05-03 at 12:17.","The student, Raghid Alhazmy, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2023-05-03 at 12:24.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2023-05-03 at 14:12.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #19316 on 2023-09-01 at 16:56:14","Syncytins are proteins expressed in the placenta with a fusogenic and immunosuppressive effect. The Syncytin protein is coded by the syncytin gene, which is the envelope (env) of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). Syncytins have been gained and lost over time. Two syncytin genes are present in simians, syncytin-1 and syncytin-2. Of these, syncytin-1 is present in Old World monkeys (OWM) and apes (including the human lineage). By contrast, syncytin-2 is present in New World monkeys (NWM), OWMs, and apes. The open reading frame (ORF) for syncytin-1 and syncytin-2 is disrupted in some simian genera, leading to a truncated protein with a loss of function. An initial loss of syncytin-1 occurred in the ancestor of OWMs. The ORF of syncytin-1 was disrupted due to a one-nucleotide insertion, leading to a TAA stop codon in the reading frame. Multiple independent loss events occurred in the NWM species Pithecia pithecia, Saguinus imperator, and Ateles hybridus. In Pithecia pithecia, a transition SNP substituting cytosine to thymine led to the premature stop codon. In Saguinus imperator, a one-nucleotide insertion shifted the reading frame, causing a premature stop codon to be in the reading frame. In Ateles hybridus, a two-nucleotide insertion and a one-nucleotide deletion shifted the reading frame, causing a premature stop codon to be in the reading frame. I conclude that the loss of syncytin-2 is due to independent loss events because syncytin-2 maintains a full-length ORF in species closely related to Pithecia pithecia, Saguinus imperator, and Ateles hybridus."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Examination of syncytin-1 and syncytin-2 in simian genera"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Roca, Alfred","Torvik, Vetle"],"dc:creator":["Alhazmy, Raghid Fawzi A"],"dc:date":["2023-05","2023-05-03"],"dc:description":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-09-01 without embargo terms","The student, Raghid Alhazmy, accepted the attached license on 2023-05-03 at 12:17.","The student, Raghid Alhazmy, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2023-05-03 at 12:24.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2023-05-03 at 14:12.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #19316 on 2023-09-01 at 16:56:14","Syncytins are proteins expressed in the placenta with a fusogenic and immunosuppressive effect. The Syncytin protein is coded by the syncytin gene, which is the envelope (env) of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). Syncytins have been gained and lost over time. Two syncytin genes are present in simians, syncytin-1 and syncytin-2. Of these, syncytin-1 is present in Old World monkeys (OWM) and apes (including the human lineage). By contrast, syncytin-2 is present in New World monkeys (NWM), OWMs, and apes. The open reading frame (ORF) for syncytin-1 and syncytin-2 is disrupted in some simian genera, leading to a truncated protein with a loss of function. An initial loss of syncytin-1 occurred in the ancestor of OWMs. The ORF of syncytin-1 was disrupted due to a one-nucleotide insertion, leading to a TAA stop codon in the reading frame. Multiple independent loss events occurred in the NWM species Pithecia pithecia, Saguinus imperator, and Ateles hybridus. In Pithecia pithecia, a transition SNP substituting cytosine to thymine led to the premature stop codon. In Saguinus imperator, a one-nucleotide insertion shifted the reading frame, causing a premature stop codon to be in the reading frame. In Ateles hybridus, a two-nucleotide insertion and a one-nucleotide deletion shifted the reading frame, causing a premature stop codon to be in the reading frame. I conclude that the loss of syncytin-2 is due to independent loss events because syncytin-2 maintains a full-length ORF in species closely related to Pithecia pithecia, Saguinus imperator, and Ateles hybridus."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/120170"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2023 Raghid Alhazmy"],"dc:subject":["Endogenous Retrovirus","Simian","Open Reading Frame","Genome","Gene","Apes","Old World Monkeys","New World Monkeys","Retroviruses","Syncytin"],"dc:title":["Examination of syncytin-1 and syncytin-2 in simian genera"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Bioinformatics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z"}