{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/117742"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/117742","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Animal spirits: Examining stock market irrationality via effects of language","abstract":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-04-12 without embargo terms","abstract_html":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-04-12 without embargo terms","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Liu, Xi"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Cohen, Dov","Albarracín, Dolores","Cheng, Joey","Loewenstein, Jeff","Ji, Li-Jun"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-12","date_published":"2022-12","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z","subjects":["Grammatical Gender","Stereotypes","Markets","Anthropomorphism","Classifier"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2022 Xi Liu"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117742","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Cohen, Dov","Albarracín, Dolores","Cheng, Joey","Loewenstein, Jeff","Ji, Li-Jun"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Liu, Xi"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2022-12","2022-10-25"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Grammatical Gender","Stereotypes","Markets","Anthropomorphism","Classifier"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2022 Xi Liu"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117742"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-04-12 without embargo terms","The student, Xi Liu, accepted the attached license on 2022-10-25 at 00:42.","The student, Xi Liu, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-10-25 at 01:09.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-10-25 at 16:34.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18537 on 2023-04-12 at 07:24:55","Four studies investigated grammatical language effects in a high-stakes situation: stock investment. The grammatical gender of the company name in Spanish (Studies 1 - 2) and the classifier used to describe the company in Chinese (Studies 3 - 4) were shown to affect individuals’ prediction of future stock movement both in the real world (Studies 1 & 3) and in lab experiments (Studies 2 & 4). The language effect depended in part on the direction of the stock’s past movement. In the Spanish grammatical gender studies, upward momentum was consistently greater for companies with grammatically male names than those with grammatically female names. Experimental manipulation suggested that this effect can be plausibly driven by the belief in males’ greater forcefulness and rationality, as shown by the negative comments about a lack of the two qualities casting a greater influence on the female stocks. There was also mixed evidence for a surprising finding about male stocks being more overvalued than female stocks. In the Chinese classifier studies, effects were seen after downward trends: companies described with an animal classifier Zhi were more likely to be expected to reverse a downward trend and go back up compared to companies described with an object classifier Zhi. The different meanings of agency in male vs. female and in animal vs. inanimate beings were discussed."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Animal spirits: Examining stock market irrationality via effects of language"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Cohen, Dov","Albarracín, Dolores","Cheng, Joey","Loewenstein, Jeff","Ji, Li-Jun"],"dc:creator":["Liu, Xi"],"dc:date":["2022-12","2022-10-25"],"dc:description":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-04-12 without embargo terms","The student, Xi Liu, accepted the attached license on 2022-10-25 at 00:42.","The student, Xi Liu, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-10-25 at 01:09.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-10-25 at 16:34.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18537 on 2023-04-12 at 07:24:55","Four studies investigated grammatical language effects in a high-stakes situation: stock investment. The grammatical gender of the company name in Spanish (Studies 1 - 2) and the classifier used to describe the company in Chinese (Studies 3 - 4) were shown to affect individuals’ prediction of future stock movement both in the real world (Studies 1 & 3) and in lab experiments (Studies 2 & 4). The language effect depended in part on the direction of the stock’s past movement. In the Spanish grammatical gender studies, upward momentum was consistently greater for companies with grammatically male names than those with grammatically female names. Experimental manipulation suggested that this effect can be plausibly driven by the belief in males’ greater forcefulness and rationality, as shown by the negative comments about a lack of the two qualities casting a greater influence on the female stocks. There was also mixed evidence for a surprising finding about male stocks being more overvalued than female stocks. In the Chinese classifier studies, effects were seen after downward trends: companies described with an animal classifier Zhi were more likely to be expected to reverse a downward trend and go back up compared to companies described with an object classifier Zhi. The different meanings of agency in male vs. female and in animal vs. inanimate beings were discussed."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117742"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2022 Xi Liu"],"dc:subject":["Grammatical Gender","Stereotypes","Markets","Anthropomorphism","Classifier"],"dc:title":["Animal spirits: Examining stock market irrationality via effects of language"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z"}