{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/117598"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/117598","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Virtual water storage and flows within the continental United States","abstract":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","abstract_html":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Ruess, Paul Joseph"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Civil Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Konar, Megan","Stillwell, Ashlynn S","Valocchi, Albert J","Wanders, Niko"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-12","date_published":"2022-12","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z","subjects":["Virtual Water","Embedded Water","Hydrological Model","Pcr-globwb","Pcr","Groundwater","Surface Water","Modeling","Content","Storage","Trade"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2022 Paul Ruess"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117598","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Konar, Megan","Stillwell, Ashlynn S","Valocchi, Albert J","Wanders, Niko"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Ruess, Paul Joseph"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2022-12","2022-12-02"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Civil Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Virtual Water","Embedded Water","Hydrological Model","Pcr-globwb","Pcr","Groundwater","Surface Water","Modeling","Content","Storage","Trade"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2022 Paul Ruess"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117598"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","The student, Paul Ruess, accepted the attached license on 2022-12-02 at 12:03.","The student, Paul Ruess, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-12-02 at 12:16.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-12-02 at 12:45.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18740 on 2023-04-12 at 11:36:53","Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the United States. Yet we do not understand many details about the virtual water content embedded across various parts of the agricultural supply chain. Like physical hydrology, a more robust understanding of both flows and stocks of virtual water resources must be considered to obtain an accurate representation of the system. Regarding the state of research available prior to this dissertation, virtual water storage had never been studied in detail, and virtual water transfers had never been constructed and analyzed at the United States county scale. Additionally, to quantify virtual water transfers more accurately, a better understanding of spatially resolved sources of irrigation water use by crop was needed. Here I address these issues by: 1. Quantifying Virtual Water Storage Capacities (VWSC) across the 48 lower states including Washington, D.C. (i.e., the Continental United States, or CONUS) for the years 2002, 2007 and 2012; 2. Modeling Irrigation Water Use (IWU) of various crops across the CONUS from 2008-2020; and 3. Combining IWU data with downscaled food trade data to calculate Virtual Water Content (VWC) and Virtual Water Transfers (VWT) of three crop types across three water sources for the years 2012 and 2017 within the CONUS. To address these questions, I employ a variety of data-intensive approaches in which a variety of government databases are synthesized and integrated into pre-existing hydrological modeling structures to arrive at my results. I find that 728 km3 of water could be stored as grain in the United States, with roughly 86% coming from precipitation. National VWSC was 777 km3 in 2002, 681 km3 in 2007, and 728 km3 in 2012. Comparing 2002 to 2012 national VWSC represents a 6% decline in VWSC over the full 10-year period, mostly attributable to increased water productivity. VWSC represents 62% of U.S. dam storage and accounts for 75–97% of precipitation receipts to agricultural areas, depending on the year. Regarding IWU estimates between 2008-2020, Surface Water Withdrawals (SWW) decreased by 20%, while both Groundwater Withdrawals (GWW) and Groundwater Depletion (GWD) increased by 3%. On average, animal feed (alfalfa/hay) uses the most irrigation water across all water sources: 33 km3/year from SWW, 13 km3/year from GWW, and 10 km3/year from GWD. Produce used less SWW (43%), but more GWW (57%) and GWD (27%) over the study time‐period. The most significant changes for each water source by crop are: rice (SWW decreased by 71%), sugar beets (GWW increased by 232%), and rapeseed (GWD increased by 405%). Including both surface and groundwater contributions to irrigation water, I estimate state averages of 151 m3/ton of blue VWC in cereal grains, 478 m3/ton in produce crops, and 351 m3/ton in animal feed in 2017 (211 m3/ton, 944 m3/ton, and 363 m3/ton in 2012, respectively). Produce crops changed the most over the period in terms of state averaged VWC (49% decrease), followed by cereal grains (28% decrease) and animal feed (3% decrease), resulting in average VWC decreases in all three crop categories over the five years. Considering VWT, there is more variance in the changes between 2012 and 2017. Total VWT from blue water sources in cereal grains was 199 km3, produce was 130 km3, and animal feed was 93 km3 in 2017. The same values in 2012 were 56 km3 for cereal grains, 175 km3 for produce, and 108 km3 for animal feed. This means cereal grain total VWT changed the most over the period (255% increase). The other two crop categories’ VWT instead increased, with produce having the larger decrease (26% decrease) followed by animal feed (14% decrease). This work collectively enhances collective understanding of the food-water nexus and enables future work in virtual water to integrate both storage and flow values into trade models. My results also highlight the need for proactive water management and planning and underscore the long-term risks that reliance on unsustainable irrigation poses to the national food supply and greater agricultural supply chain."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Virtual water storage and flows within the continental United States"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Konar, Megan","Stillwell, Ashlynn S","Valocchi, Albert J","Wanders, Niko"],"dc:creator":["Ruess, Paul Joseph"],"dc:date":["2022-12","2022-12-02"],"dc:description":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","The student, Paul Ruess, accepted the attached license on 2022-12-02 at 12:03.","The student, Paul Ruess, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-12-02 at 12:16.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-12-02 at 12:45.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18740 on 2023-04-12 at 11:36:53","Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the United States. Yet we do not understand many details about the virtual water content embedded across various parts of the agricultural supply chain. Like physical hydrology, a more robust understanding of both flows and stocks of virtual water resources must be considered to obtain an accurate representation of the system. Regarding the state of research available prior to this dissertation, virtual water storage had never been studied in detail, and virtual water transfers had never been constructed and analyzed at the United States county scale. Additionally, to quantify virtual water transfers more accurately, a better understanding of spatially resolved sources of irrigation water use by crop was needed. Here I address these issues by: 1. Quantifying Virtual Water Storage Capacities (VWSC) across the 48 lower states including Washington, D.C. (i.e., the Continental United States, or CONUS) for the years 2002, 2007 and 2012; 2. Modeling Irrigation Water Use (IWU) of various crops across the CONUS from 2008-2020; and 3. Combining IWU data with downscaled food trade data to calculate Virtual Water Content (VWC) and Virtual Water Transfers (VWT) of three crop types across three water sources for the years 2012 and 2017 within the CONUS. To address these questions, I employ a variety of data-intensive approaches in which a variety of government databases are synthesized and integrated into pre-existing hydrological modeling structures to arrive at my results. I find that 728 km3 of water could be stored as grain in the United States, with roughly 86% coming from precipitation. National VWSC was 777 km3 in 2002, 681 km3 in 2007, and 728 km3 in 2012. Comparing 2002 to 2012 national VWSC represents a 6% decline in VWSC over the full 10-year period, mostly attributable to increased water productivity. VWSC represents 62% of U.S. dam storage and accounts for 75–97% of precipitation receipts to agricultural areas, depending on the year. Regarding IWU estimates between 2008-2020, Surface Water Withdrawals (SWW) decreased by 20%, while both Groundwater Withdrawals (GWW) and Groundwater Depletion (GWD) increased by 3%. On average, animal feed (alfalfa/hay) uses the most irrigation water across all water sources: 33 km3/year from SWW, 13 km3/year from GWW, and 10 km3/year from GWD. Produce used less SWW (43%), but more GWW (57%) and GWD (27%) over the study time‐period. The most significant changes for each water source by crop are: rice (SWW decreased by 71%), sugar beets (GWW increased by 232%), and rapeseed (GWD increased by 405%). Including both surface and groundwater contributions to irrigation water, I estimate state averages of 151 m3/ton of blue VWC in cereal grains, 478 m3/ton in produce crops, and 351 m3/ton in animal feed in 2017 (211 m3/ton, 944 m3/ton, and 363 m3/ton in 2012, respectively). Produce crops changed the most over the period in terms of state averaged VWC (49% decrease), followed by cereal grains (28% decrease) and animal feed (3% decrease), resulting in average VWC decreases in all three crop categories over the five years. Considering VWT, there is more variance in the changes between 2012 and 2017. Total VWT from blue water sources in cereal grains was 199 km3, produce was 130 km3, and animal feed was 93 km3 in 2017. The same values in 2012 were 56 km3 for cereal grains, 175 km3 for produce, and 108 km3 for animal feed. This means cereal grain total VWT changed the most over the period (255% increase). The other two crop categories’ VWT instead increased, with produce having the larger decrease (26% decrease) followed by animal feed (14% decrease). This work collectively enhances collective understanding of the food-water nexus and enables future work in virtual water to integrate both storage and flow values into trade models. My results also highlight the need for proactive water management and planning and underscore the long-term risks that reliance on unsustainable irrigation poses to the national food supply and greater agricultural supply chain."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117598"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2022 Paul Ruess"],"dc:subject":["Virtual Water","Embedded Water","Hydrological Model","Pcr-globwb","Pcr","Groundwater","Surface Water","Modeling","Content","Storage","Trade"],"dc:title":["Virtual water storage and flows within the continental United States"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Civil Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z"}