{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/117528"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/117528","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral ponazuril in the treatment of systemic isosporosis in passerine birds","abstract":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","abstract_html":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["McEntire, Michael Stephen"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"VMS-Veterinary Clinical Medcne","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Allender, Matthew C","Reinhart, Jennifer M","Landolfi, Jennifer A","Adkesson, Michael J"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-12","date_published":"2022-12","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z","subjects":["Passerines","Systemic Isosporosis","Pharmacokinetics","Ponazuril"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2022 Michael McEntire"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117528","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Allender, Matthew C","Reinhart, Jennifer M","Landolfi, Jennifer A","Adkesson, Michael J"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["McEntire, Michael Stephen"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2022-12","2022-09-06"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["VMS-Veterinary Clinical Medcne"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Passerines","Systemic Isosporosis","Pharmacokinetics","Ponazuril"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2022 Michael McEntire"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117528"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","The student, Michael McEntire, accepted the attached license on 2022-08-29 at 17:01.","The student, Michael McEntire, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2022-08-30 at 04:23.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2022-09-06 at 14:50.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18474 on 2023-04-12 at 11:34:21","Systemic isosporosis, previously referred to as atoxoplasmosis, an infection caused by apicomplexan protozoa in the genus Isospora, is a significant cause of mortality in nestling and fledgling passerine birds. Recommended treatment regimens are largely empirical and vary greatly in efficacy. The goal of this research was to determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antiparasitic agent, ponazuril for use in treating systemic isosporosis. Diluted oral ponazuril solution (50 mg/mL) was administered (100 mg/kg) to 72 European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) either by a single dose via direct oral gavage (n=24), a single dose injected into Zophobas morio (superworm) larvae (n=24), or a daily dose mixed with commercial dog food to top-dress feed for 4 days (n=24). Peak plasma concentrations, at 4.51 h, 2.46 h, and 11.52 h, were 5.84 µg/mL, 2.46 µg/mL, and 9.13 µg/mL for the direct gavage group, injected larvae, and top-dressed feed groups, respectively. With repeated dosing, mean plasma concentrations from the top-dressed feed group were maintained between 8.12-13.11 µg/mL. Results suggested ponazuril at a dosage of 100 mg/kg administered via direct gavage or top-dressed feed, but not via injected larvae, would exceed the concentrations needed to inhibit merogony of other apicomplexan parasites in cell culture (5 µg/mL). To assess the efficacy of ponazuril in preventing the fecal shedding of systemic Isospora spp, seven passerine birds (red-vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus cafer, n=2), blue-grey tanager (Thraupis episcopus, n=1), and red-capped cardinals (Paroaria gularis, n=4)) were identified as shedders of systemic Isospora spp. via fecal qPCR. These birds were treated with ponazuril (100 mg/kg) daily on top-dressed feed for 14 days. Fecal samples were collected throughout treatment and four weeks afterwards. The proportions of fecal shedding were reduced during the treatment period and the first week following treatment but shedding resumed in all birds by the end of the treatment. Use of this dose in breeding or fledgling birds is recommended to reduce the shedding of active oocysts that could produce infection in nestling and fledgling passerines."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral ponazuril in the treatment of systemic isosporosis in passerine birds"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Allender, Matthew C","Reinhart, Jennifer M","Landolfi, Jennifer A","Adkesson, Michael J"],"dc:creator":["McEntire, Michael Stephen"],"dc:date":["2022-12","2022-09-06"],"dc:description":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2024-12-01","The student, Michael McEntire, accepted the attached license on 2022-08-29 at 17:01.","The student, Michael McEntire, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2022-08-30 at 04:23.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2022-09-06 at 14:50.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18474 on 2023-04-12 at 11:34:21","Systemic isosporosis, previously referred to as atoxoplasmosis, an infection caused by apicomplexan protozoa in the genus Isospora, is a significant cause of mortality in nestling and fledgling passerine birds. Recommended treatment regimens are largely empirical and vary greatly in efficacy. The goal of this research was to determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antiparasitic agent, ponazuril for use in treating systemic isosporosis. Diluted oral ponazuril solution (50 mg/mL) was administered (100 mg/kg) to 72 European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) either by a single dose via direct oral gavage (n=24), a single dose injected into Zophobas morio (superworm) larvae (n=24), or a daily dose mixed with commercial dog food to top-dress feed for 4 days (n=24). Peak plasma concentrations, at 4.51 h, 2.46 h, and 11.52 h, were 5.84 µg/mL, 2.46 µg/mL, and 9.13 µg/mL for the direct gavage group, injected larvae, and top-dressed feed groups, respectively. With repeated dosing, mean plasma concentrations from the top-dressed feed group were maintained between 8.12-13.11 µg/mL. Results suggested ponazuril at a dosage of 100 mg/kg administered via direct gavage or top-dressed feed, but not via injected larvae, would exceed the concentrations needed to inhibit merogony of other apicomplexan parasites in cell culture (5 µg/mL). To assess the efficacy of ponazuril in preventing the fecal shedding of systemic Isospora spp, seven passerine birds (red-vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus cafer, n=2), blue-grey tanager (Thraupis episcopus, n=1), and red-capped cardinals (Paroaria gularis, n=4)) were identified as shedders of systemic Isospora spp. via fecal qPCR. These birds were treated with ponazuril (100 mg/kg) daily on top-dressed feed for 14 days. Fecal samples were collected throughout treatment and four weeks afterwards. The proportions of fecal shedding were reduced during the treatment period and the first week following treatment but shedding resumed in all birds by the end of the treatment. Use of this dose in breeding or fledgling birds is recommended to reduce the shedding of active oocysts that could produce infection in nestling and fledgling passerines."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/117528"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2022 Michael McEntire"],"dc:subject":["Passerines","Systemic Isosporosis","Pharmacokinetics","Ponazuril"],"dc:title":["The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral ponazuril in the treatment of systemic isosporosis in passerine birds"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["VMS-Veterinary Clinical Medcne"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:56Z"}