{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/116192"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/116192","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"The effectiveness of protected area funding for forest conservation and human development in the Peruvian Amazon","abstract":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2022-11-15 without embargo terms","abstract_html":"Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2022-11-15 without embargo terms","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Nakamura Lam, Katia Sofia"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Natural Res & Env Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Miller, Daniel C.","Brazee, Richard","Baylis, Katherine","Waldron, Anthony"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-08","date_published":"2022-08","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:55Z","subjects":["Protected Areas","Peru","Amazon","Deforestation","Impacts","Human Development","Poverty","Funding","Conservation finance","biodiversity"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2022 Katia Nakamura Lam"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/116192","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Miller, Daniel C.","Brazee, Richard","Baylis, Katherine","Waldron, Anthony"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Nakamura Lam, Katia Sofia"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2022-08","2022-07-11"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Natural Res & Env Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Protected Areas","Peru","Amazon","Deforestation","Impacts","Human Development","Poverty","Funding","Conservation finance","biodiversity"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2022 Katia Nakamura Lam"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/116192"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2022-11-15 without embargo terms","The student, Katia Nakamura Lam, accepted the attached license on 2022-07-07 at 15:58.","The student, Katia Nakamura Lam, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-07-07 at 16:15.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-07-11 at 10:14.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18172 on 2022-11-15 at 17:38:17","Protected areas (PAs) are the most prominent conservation tool worldwide. Considerable evidence shows that PAs, from national parks to Indigenous and community conserved areas, effectively protect forests. However, many PAs do not perform at their highest potential due to inadequate access to financial resources. Studies have assessed the effects of protection, but there are no rigorous quantitative studies on the impacts of PA funding. This dissertation addresses this gap in the literature by estimating the impacts of PA funding on avoided deforestation and human development in the Peruvian Amazon. I developed a framework for estimating the impact of PA funding (Chapter 2), then applied it to quantify the effects of PA funding on avoided deforestation at the district level (Chapter 3) and the grid level (Chapter 5) and on the human development index (HDI) at the district level (Chapter 4). Data derive from a new method for identifying within-country conservation funding flows and a range of publicly available sources. I used quasi-experimental (Chapters 2–3) and machine learning (Chapter 5) approaches to reduce estimation bias. The results show generally positive impacts: PA funding avoided forest loss in the grid-level analysis and increased human development within districts while having mixed effects on forest cover at the district level. However, effect sizes were small, shaped by baseline forest characteristics and economic activities. Greater population density, Indigenous lands, non-state conservation areas, and mining areas had significant effects human development indicators. Funding avoided forest loss conditional on a number of biophysical and socio-economic factors, including temperature; baseline forest cover; poverty; and distance to towns, pastures, and mining. At the district level, altitude, forest cover outside PAs, and previous deforestation moderated the effect of funding, with higher effects in Andes-Amazon districts, as well as those with more unprotected forest cover and more deforestation before the treatment. Older PAs, PAs allowing sustainable use, and those that are comanaged showed larger impacts. PAs with greater funding and tourism were able to protect more forests. The most effective PAs were in the Amazon-Andes region, where their greater accessibility has made them more vulnerable to deforestation. On average, these PAs were also the most well-funded, receiving I$1,500–I$3,000/sq km. The least effective PAs were more remote, located on country borders, and received below-average funding. The findings of this dissertation suggest that investing more funds in PAs can lead to greater positive impacts for biodiversity and human development. However, the same amount of funding may have larger effects conditional on local threat levels. Investments addressing threats from illegal activities in highly accessible areas, promoting tourism, and securing forest-related livelihoods are found to be especially effective pathways to protect forests in the Peruvian Amazon."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The effectiveness of protected area funding for forest conservation and human development in the Peruvian Amazon"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Miller, Daniel C.","Brazee, Richard","Baylis, Katherine","Waldron, Anthony"],"dc:creator":["Nakamura Lam, Katia Sofia"],"dc:date":["2022-08","2022-07-11"],"dc:description":["Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2022-11-15 without embargo terms","The student, Katia Nakamura Lam, accepted the attached license on 2022-07-07 at 15:58.","The student, Katia Nakamura Lam, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-07-07 at 16:15.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-07-11 at 10:14.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #18172 on 2022-11-15 at 17:38:17","Protected areas (PAs) are the most prominent conservation tool worldwide. Considerable evidence shows that PAs, from national parks to Indigenous and community conserved areas, effectively protect forests. However, many PAs do not perform at their highest potential due to inadequate access to financial resources. Studies have assessed the effects of protection, but there are no rigorous quantitative studies on the impacts of PA funding. This dissertation addresses this gap in the literature by estimating the impacts of PA funding on avoided deforestation and human development in the Peruvian Amazon. I developed a framework for estimating the impact of PA funding (Chapter 2), then applied it to quantify the effects of PA funding on avoided deforestation at the district level (Chapter 3) and the grid level (Chapter 5) and on the human development index (HDI) at the district level (Chapter 4). Data derive from a new method for identifying within-country conservation funding flows and a range of publicly available sources. I used quasi-experimental (Chapters 2–3) and machine learning (Chapter 5) approaches to reduce estimation bias. The results show generally positive impacts: PA funding avoided forest loss in the grid-level analysis and increased human development within districts while having mixed effects on forest cover at the district level. However, effect sizes were small, shaped by baseline forest characteristics and economic activities. Greater population density, Indigenous lands, non-state conservation areas, and mining areas had significant effects human development indicators. Funding avoided forest loss conditional on a number of biophysical and socio-economic factors, including temperature; baseline forest cover; poverty; and distance to towns, pastures, and mining. At the district level, altitude, forest cover outside PAs, and previous deforestation moderated the effect of funding, with higher effects in Andes-Amazon districts, as well as those with more unprotected forest cover and more deforestation before the treatment. Older PAs, PAs allowing sustainable use, and those that are comanaged showed larger impacts. PAs with greater funding and tourism were able to protect more forests. The most effective PAs were in the Amazon-Andes region, where their greater accessibility has made them more vulnerable to deforestation. On average, these PAs were also the most well-funded, receiving I$1,500–I$3,000/sq km. The least effective PAs were more remote, located on country borders, and received below-average funding. The findings of this dissertation suggest that investing more funds in PAs can lead to greater positive impacts for biodiversity and human development. However, the same amount of funding may have larger effects conditional on local threat levels. Investments addressing threats from illegal activities in highly accessible areas, promoting tourism, and securing forest-related livelihoods are found to be especially effective pathways to protect forests in the Peruvian Amazon."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/116192"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2022 Katia Nakamura Lam"],"dc:subject":["Protected Areas","Peru","Amazon","Deforestation","Impacts","Human Development","Poverty","Funding","Conservation finance","biodiversity"],"dc:title":["The effectiveness of protected area funding for forest conservation and human development in the Peruvian Amazon"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Natural Res & Env Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:55Z"}