{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/115582"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/115582","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Carceral democracy: prisons, race, and the punitive turn in Wisconsin, 1940-1971","abstract":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2024-05-01","abstract_html":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2024-05-01","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Toller-Clark, Ian Thomas"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"History","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Barrett, Marsha E","Hoganson, Kristin","Oberdeck, Kathryn J","McDuffie, Erik S","Lassiter, Matthew D"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-05","date_published":"2022-05","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:54Z","subjects":["Prisons","Prison Reform","Rehabilitation","Public Policy","Political History Since 1940","Wisconsin","Modern Conservatism","Law and Order Politics","Postwar Liberalism","Social and Racial Politics"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2022 Ian Thomas Toller-Clark"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2142/115582","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Barrett, Marsha E","Hoganson, Kristin","Oberdeck, Kathryn J","McDuffie, Erik S","Lassiter, Matthew D"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Toller-Clark, Ian Thomas"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2022-05","2022-04-19"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["History"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Prisons","Prison Reform","Rehabilitation","Public Policy","Political History Since 1940","Wisconsin","Modern Conservatism","Law and Order Politics","Postwar Liberalism","Social and Racial Politics"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2022 Ian Thomas Toller-Clark"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/115582"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2024-05-01","The student, Ian Toller-Clark, accepted the attached license on 2022-04-19 at 12:53.","The student, Ian Toller-Clark, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-04-19 at 13:15.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-04-19 at 15:54.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #17803 on 2022-11-11 at 12:06:11","“Carceral Democracy: Prisons, Race, and the Realignment of Politics in Wisconsin, 1940-1971,” analyzes how the intertwined development of penal reform, anti-black racism, and metropolitan politics undermined democratic governance in the postwar United States. I argue that a political movement for prisoner rehabilitation laid the foundation for mass incarceration. This movement of policymakers, politicians, and white middle-class homeowners in Wisconsin was part of a nation-wide vanguard that championed prison expansion and individualized treatment as solutions for modernizing and humanizing the country’s criminal justice system. My work is one of the first to examine how liberals and moderates at the grassroots, inspired by postwar notions of meritocratic individualism, racial equality, and pro-growth development policies, helped build a crucial component of the carceral state: the state correctional system. The term carceral state refers to a set of political actors, policies, and institutions—prosecutors, border patrol officers, correction guards, sentencing guidelines, parole programs, jails, prisons, and immigration centers—that exert the punitive power of the state over citizens and non-citizens alike. “Carceral Democracy” challenges both popular and scholarly narratives that the carceral state emerged from a grassroots political movement led by conservative national political figures, such as Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan. My research, which draws on records from the Wisconsin Division of Corrections and the Department of Public Welfare, constituent letters, and local newspapers, reveals that moderates and liberals living in the suburbs of Milwaukee, Green Bay, and Madison, championed medium-security prisons as the ideal locations for rehabilitating prisoners. They argued that a system of correctional facilities rather than just two penitentiaries would allow officials to classify and separate prisoners, and then subsequently create individualized treatment programs. However, the concept of classification and individualized rehabilitation were based on racist, classist, and gendered notions about the incarcerated that reified economic and social inequality. In time, moderates and liberals found themselves working alongside conservative state legislators to advocate for new prisons that would house an ever-increasing number of incarcerated individuals and provide economic support for economically struggling rural communities. Ultimately, “Carceral Democracy” shows that postwar penal reform efforts resulted in prisons becoming necessary components of the welfare state and pro-growth economic development in an age of colorblindness."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Carceral democracy: prisons, race, and the punitive turn in Wisconsin, 1940-1971"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Barrett, Marsha E","Hoganson, Kristin","Oberdeck, Kathryn J","McDuffie, Erik S","Lassiter, Matthew D"],"dc:creator":["Toller-Clark, Ian Thomas"],"dc:date":["2022-05","2022-04-19"],"dc:description":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2024-05-01","The student, Ian Toller-Clark, accepted the attached license on 2022-04-19 at 12:53.","The student, Ian Toller-Clark, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2022-04-19 at 13:15.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2022-04-19 at 15:54.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #17803 on 2022-11-11 at 12:06:11","“Carceral Democracy: Prisons, Race, and the Realignment of Politics in Wisconsin, 1940-1971,” analyzes how the intertwined development of penal reform, anti-black racism, and metropolitan politics undermined democratic governance in the postwar United States. I argue that a political movement for prisoner rehabilitation laid the foundation for mass incarceration. This movement of policymakers, politicians, and white middle-class homeowners in Wisconsin was part of a nation-wide vanguard that championed prison expansion and individualized treatment as solutions for modernizing and humanizing the country’s criminal justice system. My work is one of the first to examine how liberals and moderates at the grassroots, inspired by postwar notions of meritocratic individualism, racial equality, and pro-growth development policies, helped build a crucial component of the carceral state: the state correctional system. The term carceral state refers to a set of political actors, policies, and institutions—prosecutors, border patrol officers, correction guards, sentencing guidelines, parole programs, jails, prisons, and immigration centers—that exert the punitive power of the state over citizens and non-citizens alike. “Carceral Democracy” challenges both popular and scholarly narratives that the carceral state emerged from a grassroots political movement led by conservative national political figures, such as Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan. My research, which draws on records from the Wisconsin Division of Corrections and the Department of Public Welfare, constituent letters, and local newspapers, reveals that moderates and liberals living in the suburbs of Milwaukee, Green Bay, and Madison, championed medium-security prisons as the ideal locations for rehabilitating prisoners. They argued that a system of correctional facilities rather than just two penitentiaries would allow officials to classify and separate prisoners, and then subsequently create individualized treatment programs. However, the concept of classification and individualized rehabilitation were based on racist, classist, and gendered notions about the incarcerated that reified economic and social inequality. In time, moderates and liberals found themselves working alongside conservative state legislators to advocate for new prisons that would house an ever-increasing number of incarcerated individuals and provide economic support for economically struggling rural communities. Ultimately, “Carceral Democracy” shows that postwar penal reform efforts resulted in prisons becoming necessary components of the welfare state and pro-growth economic development in an age of colorblindness."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2142/115582"],"dc:language":["en","eng"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2022 Ian Thomas Toller-Clark"],"dc:subject":["Prisons","Prison Reform","Rehabilitation","Public Policy","Political History Since 1940","Wisconsin","Modern Conservatism","Law and Order Politics","Postwar Liberalism","Social and Racial Politics"],"dc:title":["Carceral democracy: prisons, race, and the punitive turn in Wisconsin, 1940-1971"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["History"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:54Z"}