{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/114078"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/114078","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Three essays challenging assumptions about smallholder farmers","abstract":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-12-01","abstract_html":"Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-12-01","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Cardell, Lila"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Agricultural & Applied Econ","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Michelson, Hope","Winter-Nelson, Alex","Herrera, Catalina","Lentz, Erin"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-04-29T21:58:26Z","date_published":"2022-04-29T21:58:26Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:54Z","subjects":["Agriculture"],"languages":["en","eng"],"rights":["Copyright 2021 Lila Cardell"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/114078","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Michelson, Hope","Winter-Nelson, Alex","Herrera, Catalina","Lentz, Erin"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Cardell, Lila"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2022-04-29T21:58:26Z","2024-04-29T21:58:46Z","2021-12","2021-11-24"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Agricultural & Applied Econ"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Agriculture"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en","eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2021 Lila Cardell"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/114078"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-12-01","The student, Lila Cardell, accepted the attached license on 2021-11-23 at 12:16.","The student, Lila Cardell, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2021-11-23 at 12:19.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2021-11-24 at 14:32.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #17246 on 2022-04-29 at 16:09:57","Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T21:58:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 CARDELL-DISSERTATION-2021.pdf: 3154141 bytes, checksum: cbae1f5f00bffc756beb3218a0058fa6 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4209 bytes, checksum: ab73aaa251e901b50c51a4e299c78157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-11-24","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 123443 Lift date: 2024-04-29T21:58:46Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited","This dissertation focuses on research on smallholder farmers in developing countries. All three essays examine current methodologies and assumptions in the development literature and offer alternative approaches. I focus on two main themes. The first is the validity of common empirical models used in agricultural and nutrition contexts. The second theme is understanding the behavior of smallholders in making agricultural and nutrition decisions. My motivation for these essays is based on the encouragement over my many years of education to focus on critical thinking and skepticism. Many of the models and assumptions in economics are more subjective or normative than researchers acknowledge, and this dissertation confronts a few accepted ideas. The first essay challenges the existing assumption that staple grain prices always rise after harvest, and that farmers are not taking advantage of this arbitrage opportunity due to limited storage technology or liquidity constraints. Using 20 years of data across 14 African countries, this chapter demonstrates that the assumption of positive intra-temporal returns does not always hold. Farmers cannot always predict returns to storage and the volatility in maize prices combined with risk aversion may account for low storage uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa. This essay contributes to the existing literature by imagining a scenario where the farmer is right and proposes that the market failure is access to forward contracts to smooth consumption. The second essay questions the application of one of the most common program evaluation approaches: Difference in Difference designs estimated with two ways fixed effects. Recent economic research has determined that this approach may not be appropriate for all program scenarios, such as differential treatment timing, and can result in biased treatment effects. I consider the appropriateness of TWFE DID in the context of a Heifer International livestock distribution program in Zambia by replicating two prior papers published using this dataset and re-estimating them using an alternative model. This essay contributes to the nascent economic literature on applications of newer DiD methodology, as well as the overall literature on the impact of livestock ownership on household level consumption. The third essay considers existing methods of evaluating nutritional inadequacy and inequality and the sensitivity of those outcomes to methodological choices. Using a large scale nationally representative survey in Bangladesh, this essay delves into whether the assumptions in those methods affect outcomes and provides guidelines for choosing a method. The choices that researchers make in estimating nutritional inadequacy and inequality, such as the data source or aggregation method, can significantly influence their findings, and therefore the allocation of limited resources for addressing malnutrition globally. This paper contributes to the applied economics literature by identifying the methodological steps that can influence nutritional outcomes and providing guidance for best practices."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Three essays challenging assumptions about smallholder farmers"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Michelson, Hope","Winter-Nelson, Alex","Herrera, Catalina","Lentz, Erin"],"dc:creator":["Cardell, Lila"],"dc:date":["2022-04-29T21:58:26Z","2024-04-29T21:58:46Z","2021-12","2021-11-24"],"dc:description":["Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-12-01","The student, Lila Cardell, accepted the attached license on 2021-11-23 at 12:16.","The student, Lila Cardell, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2021-11-23 at 12:19.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2021-11-24 at 14:32.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #17246 on 2022-04-29 at 16:09:57","Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T21:58:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 CARDELL-DISSERTATION-2021.pdf: 3154141 bytes, checksum: cbae1f5f00bffc756beb3218a0058fa6 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4209 bytes, checksum: ab73aaa251e901b50c51a4e299c78157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-11-24","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 123443 Lift date: 2024-04-29T21:58:46Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited","This dissertation focuses on research on smallholder farmers in developing countries. All three essays examine current methodologies and assumptions in the development literature and offer alternative approaches. I focus on two main themes. The first is the validity of common empirical models used in agricultural and nutrition contexts. The second theme is understanding the behavior of smallholders in making agricultural and nutrition decisions. My motivation for these essays is based on the encouragement over my many years of education to focus on critical thinking and skepticism. Many of the models and assumptions in economics are more subjective or normative than researchers acknowledge, and this dissertation confronts a few accepted ideas. The first essay challenges the existing assumption that staple grain prices always rise after harvest, and that farmers are not taking advantage of this arbitrage opportunity due to limited storage technology or liquidity constraints. Using 20 years of data across 14 African countries, this chapter demonstrates that the assumption of positive intra-temporal returns does not always hold. Farmers cannot always predict returns to storage and the volatility in maize prices combined with risk aversion may account for low storage uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa. This essay contributes to the existing literature by imagining a scenario where the farmer is right and proposes that the market failure is access to forward contracts to smooth consumption. The second essay questions the application of one of the most common program evaluation approaches: Difference in Difference designs estimated with two ways fixed effects. Recent economic research has determined that this approach may not be appropriate for all program scenarios, such as differential treatment timing, and can result in biased treatment effects. I consider the appropriateness of TWFE DID in the context of a Heifer International livestock distribution program in Zambia by replicating two prior papers published using this dataset and re-estimating them using an alternative model. This essay contributes to the nascent economic literature on applications of newer DiD methodology, as well as the overall literature on the impact of livestock ownership on household level consumption. The third essay considers existing methods of evaluating nutritional inadequacy and inequality and the sensitivity of those outcomes to methodological choices. Using a large scale nationally representative survey in Bangladesh, this essay delves into whether the assumptions in those methods affect outcomes and provides guidelines for choosing a method. The choices that researchers make in estimating nutritional inadequacy and inequality, such as the data source or aggregation method, can significantly influence their findings, and therefore the allocation of limited resources for addressing malnutrition globally. 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