{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/110789"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/110789","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Gender differences in agency and communion: A meta-analysis","abstract":"The existence of gender gaps in agency and communion is commonly known, yet it remains unknown what the average magnitudes, stability (over time and developmental age), and variability (across cultures, sampling strategies, and measures) of these gender differences are. Leveraging social role theory (Eagly, 1987; Wood & Eagly, 2012), the current meta-analysis estimated that men tended to be more agentic than women (g = .40, k = 767 samples, N = 206,955 participants), while women tended to be more communal than men (g = -.58, k = 774 samples, N = 209,339 participants). Moderator analyses revealed that these gender differences in agency and communion have been steadily decreasing over time. The gender gap in agency remained stable with age, while the gender gap in communion decreased with age. Further, gender’s relationships with both agency and communion did not vary across countries based on gender parity. In terms of sampling strategy, the gender gap in agency was larger when sampling participants as heterosexual couples versus when sampling as individuals. An important methodological moderator was measurement instrument (e.g., short-form BSRI shows much smaller gender gaps than other measures). Theory and implications of the moderated gender differences in agency and communion (i.e., gender-role stereotyped traits, once referred to as masculinity and femininity) are discussed.","abstract_html":"The existence of gender gaps in agency and communion is commonly known, yet it remains unknown what the average magnitudes, stability (over time and developmental age), and variability (across cultures, sampling strategies, and measures) of these gender differences are. Leveraging social role theory (Eagly, 1987; Wood & Eagly, 2012), the current meta-analysis estimated that men tended to be more agentic than women (g = .40, k = 767 samples, N = 206,955 participants), while women tended to be more communal than men (g = -.58, k = 774 samples, N = 209,339 participants). Moderator analyses revealed that these gender differences in agency and communion have been steadily decreasing over time. The gender gap in agency remained stable with age, while the gender gap in communion decreased with age. Further, gender’s relationships with both agency and communion did not vary across countries based on gender parity. In terms of sampling strategy, the gender gap in agency was larger when sampling participants as heterosexual couples versus when sampling as individuals. An important methodological moderator was measurement instrument (e.g., short-form BSRI shows much smaller gender gaps than other measures). Theory and implications of the moderated gender differences in agency and communion (i.e., gender-role stereotyped traits, once referred to as masculinity and femininity) are discussed.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Hsu, Ning"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Newman, Daniel A"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-09-17T04:04:06Z","date_published":"2021-09-17T04:04:06Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:52Z","subjects":["agency","communion","gender","meta-analysis","social role theory"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2021 Ning Hsu"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/110789","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Newman, Daniel A"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Hsu, Ning"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2021-09-17T04:04:06Z","2023-09-17T04:07:01Z","2021-03-31","2021-05"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["agency","communion","gender","meta-analysis","social role theory"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2021 Ning Hsu"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/110789"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["The existence of gender gaps in agency and communion is commonly known, yet it remains unknown what the average magnitudes, stability (over time and developmental age), and variability (across cultures, sampling strategies, and measures) of these gender differences are. Leveraging social role theory (Eagly, 1987; Wood & Eagly, 2012), the current meta-analysis estimated that men tended to be more agentic than women (g = .40, k = 767 samples, N = 206,955 participants), while women tended to be more communal than men (g = -.58, k = 774 samples, N = 209,339 participants). Moderator analyses revealed that these gender differences in agency and communion have been steadily decreasing over time. The gender gap in agency remained stable with age, while the gender gap in communion decreased with age. Further, gender’s relationships with both agency and communion did not vary across countries based on gender parity. In terms of sampling strategy, the gender gap in agency was larger when sampling participants as heterosexual couples versus when sampling as individuals. An important methodological moderator was measurement instrument (e.g., short-form BSRI shows much smaller gender gaps than other measures). Theory and implications of the moderated gender differences in agency and communion (i.e., gender-role stereotyped traits, once referred to as masculinity and femininity) are discussed.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-05-01","The student, Ning Hsu, accepted the attached license on 2021-03-29 at 14:56.","The student, Ning Hsu, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2021-03-30 at 22:12.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2021-03-31 at 13:42.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #16221 on 2021-09-16 at 20:07:57","Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-17T04:04:06Z (GMT). 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Leveraging social role theory (Eagly, 1987; Wood & Eagly, 2012), the current meta-analysis estimated that men tended to be more agentic than women (g = .40, k = 767 samples, N = 206,955 participants), while women tended to be more communal than men (g = -.58, k = 774 samples, N = 209,339 participants). Moderator analyses revealed that these gender differences in agency and communion have been steadily decreasing over time. The gender gap in agency remained stable with age, while the gender gap in communion decreased with age. Further, gender’s relationships with both agency and communion did not vary across countries based on gender parity. In terms of sampling strategy, the gender gap in agency was larger when sampling participants as heterosexual couples versus when sampling as individuals. An important methodological moderator was measurement instrument (e.g., short-form BSRI shows much smaller gender gaps than other measures). Theory and implications of the moderated gender differences in agency and communion (i.e., gender-role stereotyped traits, once referred to as masculinity and femininity) are discussed.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2023-05-01","The student, Ning Hsu, accepted the attached license on 2021-03-29 at 14:56.","The student, Ning Hsu, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2021-03-30 at 22:12.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2021-03-31 at 13:42.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #16221 on 2021-09-16 at 20:07:57","Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-17T04:04:06Z (GMT). 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