{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/109461"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/109461","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Sow and piglet blood glucose levels over the farrowing period and relationships with sow and litter parameters","abstract":"Low blood glucose levels in sows at the start of farrowing have been associated with increased farrowing duration and higher stillbirth rates and low blood glucose levels in piglets at birth have been linked to increased pre-weaning mortality. This study used 32 sows and gilts and 443 piglets in a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the effects of various sow and litter parameters on sow blood glucose levels on the day of farrowing, and identify factors associated with piglet blood glucose levels at birth. A blood sample was collected from an ear vein of each sow or gilt every 2 hours from feeding (at 0600 h) to 12 h after feeding (1800 h). Samples were analyzed for blood glucose concentration using 2 hand-held diabetic glucometers. Sow body condition (on a scale of 1 – extremely thin to 5 – very fat), parity, litter size, litter weight, farrowing duration, and farrowing interval were also recorded or calculated. Blood samples were collected at birth from the vena subcutanea abdominis from every other piglet born in each litter, and glucose levels were measured using the same 2 glucometers as used for sows. At birth, all piglets were weighed, gender was recorded, and the vitality of piglets was assessed using a score from 1 to 4 (1= ideal, normal appearance, high mobility; 2 = normal appearance but limited breathing or mobility; 3 = stillborn; 4 = mummified). Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4. Sow/litter was the experimental unit, piglet was a sub-sample of the litter. For data that met normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions, PROC MIXED was utilized, data not meeting these assumptions were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. A repeated measures analysis was conducted on sow blood glucose values at times over the 12 h measurement period using PROC MIXED with sow as the SUBJECT and time as the REPEATED measure. The PDIFF option was utilized to compare least-squares means, and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. A regression analysis was performed using PROC REG of SAS to determine the relationship between sow blood glucose and sow and litter parameters and piglet blood glucose levels and piglet parameters. Sow blood glucose levels, averaged over the 12 h measurement period, increased linearly (P < 0.05) with body condition score, and decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with litter size and total litter weight, and farrowing duration. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of either piglet birth weight or gender on piglet blood glucose levels at birth. However, blood glucose levels increased (P < 0.05) with birth order and piglet viability score. In conclusion, the results of this study generally found relatively small effects of a range of sow parameters on blood glucose levels immediately prior to and during the farrowing process. The effects of a number of piglet parameters on piglet blood glucose levels at birth were also generally small. The exception to this was for piglet viability at birth, with low viability and stillborn piglets having substantially elevated blood glucose levels.","abstract_html":"Low blood glucose levels in sows at the start of farrowing have been associated with increased farrowing duration and higher stillbirth rates and low blood glucose levels in piglets at birth have been linked to increased pre-weaning mortality. This study used 32 sows and gilts and 443 piglets in a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the effects of various sow and litter parameters on sow blood glucose levels on the day of farrowing, and identify factors associated with piglet blood glucose levels at birth. A blood sample was collected from an ear vein of each sow or gilt every 2 hours from feeding (at 0600 h) to 12 h after feeding (1800 h). Samples were analyzed for blood glucose concentration using 2 hand-held diabetic glucometers. Sow body condition (on a scale of 1 – extremely thin to 5 – very fat), parity, litter size, litter weight, farrowing duration, and farrowing interval were also recorded or calculated. Blood samples were collected at birth from the vena subcutanea abdominis from every other piglet born in each litter, and glucose levels were measured using the same 2 glucometers as used for sows. At birth, all piglets were weighed, gender was recorded, and the vitality of piglets was assessed using a score from 1 to 4 (1= ideal, normal appearance, high mobility; 2 = normal appearance but limited breathing or mobility; 3 = stillborn; 4 = mummified). Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4. Sow/litter was the experimental unit, piglet was a sub-sample of the litter. For data that met normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions, PROC MIXED was utilized, data not meeting these assumptions were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. A repeated measures analysis was conducted on sow blood glucose values at times over the 12 h measurement period using PROC MIXED with sow as the SUBJECT and time as the REPEATED measure. The PDIFF option was utilized to compare least-squares means, and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. A regression analysis was performed using PROC REG of SAS to determine the relationship between sow blood glucose and sow and litter parameters and piglet blood glucose levels and piglet parameters. Sow blood glucose levels, averaged over the 12 h measurement period, increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with body condition score, and decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with litter size and total litter weight, and farrowing duration. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of either piglet birth weight or gender on piglet blood glucose levels at birth. However, blood glucose levels increased (P &lt; 0.05) with birth order and piglet viability score. In conclusion, the results of this study generally found relatively small effects of a range of sow parameters on blood glucose levels immediately prior to and during the farrowing process. The effects of a number of piglet parameters on piglet blood glucose levels at birth were also generally small. The exception to this was for piglet viability at birth, with low viability and stillborn piglets having substantially elevated blood glucose levels.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bautista Rivas, Rafael Ovidio"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Animal Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Ellis , MIke"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-03-05T21:40:29Z","date_published":"2021-03-05T21:40:29Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:50Z","subjects":["blood glucose farrowing sow newborn piglet"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2020 Rafael Bautista Rivas"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/109461","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Ellis , MIke"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Bautista Rivas, Rafael Ovidio"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2021-03-05T21:40:29Z","2023-03-05T21:43:00Z","2020-08-03","2020-12"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Animal Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["blood glucose farrowing sow newborn piglet"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2020 Rafael Bautista Rivas"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/109461"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Low blood glucose levels in sows at the start of farrowing have been associated with increased farrowing duration and higher stillbirth rates and low blood glucose levels in piglets at birth have been linked to increased pre-weaning mortality. This study used 32 sows and gilts and 443 piglets in a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the effects of various sow and litter parameters on sow blood glucose levels on the day of farrowing, and identify factors associated with piglet blood glucose levels at birth. A blood sample was collected from an ear vein of each sow or gilt every 2 hours from feeding (at 0600 h) to 12 h after feeding (1800 h). Samples were analyzed for blood glucose concentration using 2 hand-held diabetic glucometers. Sow body condition (on a scale of 1 – extremely thin to 5 – very fat), parity, litter size, litter weight, farrowing duration, and farrowing interval were also recorded or calculated. Blood samples were collected at birth from the vena subcutanea abdominis from every other piglet born in each litter, and glucose levels were measured using the same 2 glucometers as used for sows. At birth, all piglets were weighed, gender was recorded, and the vitality of piglets was assessed using a score from 1 to 4 (1= ideal, normal appearance, high mobility; 2 = normal appearance but limited breathing or mobility; 3 = stillborn; 4 = mummified). Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4. Sow/litter was the experimental unit, piglet was a sub-sample of the litter. For data that met normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions, PROC MIXED was utilized, data not meeting these assumptions were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. A repeated measures analysis was conducted on sow blood glucose values at times over the 12 h measurement period using PROC MIXED with sow as the SUBJECT and time as the REPEATED measure. The PDIFF option was utilized to compare least-squares means, and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. A regression analysis was performed using PROC REG of SAS to determine the relationship between sow blood glucose and sow and litter parameters and piglet blood glucose levels and piglet parameters. Sow blood glucose levels, averaged over the 12 h measurement period, increased linearly (P < 0.05) with body condition score, and decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with litter size and total litter weight, and farrowing duration. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of either piglet birth weight or gender on piglet blood glucose levels at birth. However, blood glucose levels increased (P < 0.05) with birth order and piglet viability score. In conclusion, the results of this study generally found relatively small effects of a range of sow parameters on blood glucose levels immediately prior to and during the farrowing process. The effects of a number of piglet parameters on piglet blood glucose levels at birth were also generally small. The exception to this was for piglet viability at birth, with low viability and stillborn piglets having substantially elevated blood glucose levels.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2022-12-01","The student, Rafael Bautista Rivas, accepted the attached license on 2020-07-29 at 11:07.","The student, Rafael Bautista Rivas, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2020-07-29 at 11:16.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2020-08-03 at 14:38.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15760 on 2021-03-04 at 16:18:23","Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:40:29Z (GMT). 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This study used 32 sows and gilts and 443 piglets in a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the effects of various sow and litter parameters on sow blood glucose levels on the day of farrowing, and identify factors associated with piglet blood glucose levels at birth. A blood sample was collected from an ear vein of each sow or gilt every 2 hours from feeding (at 0600 h) to 12 h after feeding (1800 h). Samples were analyzed for blood glucose concentration using 2 hand-held diabetic glucometers. Sow body condition (on a scale of 1 – extremely thin to 5 – very fat), parity, litter size, litter weight, farrowing duration, and farrowing interval were also recorded or calculated. Blood samples were collected at birth from the vena subcutanea abdominis from every other piglet born in each litter, and glucose levels were measured using the same 2 glucometers as used for sows. At birth, all piglets were weighed, gender was recorded, and the vitality of piglets was assessed using a score from 1 to 4 (1= ideal, normal appearance, high mobility; 2 = normal appearance but limited breathing or mobility; 3 = stillborn; 4 = mummified). Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4. Sow/litter was the experimental unit, piglet was a sub-sample of the litter. For data that met normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions, PROC MIXED was utilized, data not meeting these assumptions were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. A repeated measures analysis was conducted on sow blood glucose values at times over the 12 h measurement period using PROC MIXED with sow as the SUBJECT and time as the REPEATED measure. The PDIFF option was utilized to compare least-squares means, and differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. A regression analysis was performed using PROC REG of SAS to determine the relationship between sow blood glucose and sow and litter parameters and piglet blood glucose levels and piglet parameters. Sow blood glucose levels, averaged over the 12 h measurement period, increased linearly (P < 0.05) with body condition score, and decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with litter size and total litter weight, and farrowing duration. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of either piglet birth weight or gender on piglet blood glucose levels at birth. However, blood glucose levels increased (P < 0.05) with birth order and piglet viability score. In conclusion, the results of this study generally found relatively small effects of a range of sow parameters on blood glucose levels immediately prior to and during the farrowing process. The effects of a number of piglet parameters on piglet blood glucose levels at birth were also generally small. The exception to this was for piglet viability at birth, with low viability and stillborn piglets having substantially elevated blood glucose levels.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2022-12-01","The student, Rafael Bautista Rivas, accepted the attached license on 2020-07-29 at 11:07.","The student, Rafael Bautista Rivas, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2020-07-29 at 11:16.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2020-08-03 at 14:38.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15760 on 2021-03-04 at 16:18:23","Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:40:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 BAUTISTARIVAS-THESIS-2020.pdf: 779467 bytes, checksum: d4b01bbc4e356b03c12ac45b102ee897 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4218 bytes, checksum: 1d88150f580f993fa9bec3a2353da6fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-08-03","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 117165 Lift date: 2023-03-05T21:40:52Z Reason: Author requested U of Illinois access only (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 117165 Lift date: 2023-03-05T21:43:00Z Reason: Author requested U of Illinois access only (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Author requested U of Illinois access only (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","U of I Only"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/109461"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2020 Rafael Bautista Rivas"],"dc:subject":["blood glucose farrowing sow newborn piglet"],"dc:title":["Sow and piglet blood glucose levels over the farrowing period and relationships with sow and litter parameters"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Animal Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:50Z"}