{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/109329"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/109329","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Effects of an insecticide/fungicide mixture on queen rearing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","abstract":"Almond growers in California’s Central Valley routinely use tank mixes of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole and the triazole fungicide propiconazole for pest management during bloom. Although this mix is considered safe for honey bees, I investigated possible sublethal effects on the nursing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology of one-week-old nurse bees. For one week I fed newly emerged adults pollen treated with pesticides at minimum concentrations that had previously been shown to affect honey bee development, after which I caged them with developing queen larvae to assess their ability to tend the larvae. For 15 minutes I observed and recorded the time each individually marked nurse bee spent with her head and thorax inside the queen cell and her abdomen rhythmically contracting. After this observation period, I removed their hypopharyngeal glands for imaging and determined the average width of their acini as a proxy for their ability to produce royal jelly. I found no effect of either pesticide individually, a mixture of the two, or of the insect growth regulator insecticide diflubenzuron, which I chose as a positive control due to its previously demonstrated effect on hypopharyngeal gland morphology, on time spent nursing, or on mean acini width of the hypopharyngeal gland. A significant relationship does exist, however, between the mean width of an individual nurse bee’s acini and the time that that individual bee spent engaged in nursing behavior toward the queen cell to which she was exposed. Based on the hive level effect, however, this study may not be sufficient justification for assuming that sublethal effects are not a concern.","abstract_html":"Almond growers in California’s Central Valley routinely use tank mixes of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole and the triazole fungicide propiconazole for pest management during bloom. Although this mix is considered safe for honey bees, I investigated possible sublethal effects on the nursing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology of one-week-old nurse bees. For one week I fed newly emerged adults pollen treated with pesticides at minimum concentrations that had previously been shown to affect honey bee development, after which I caged them with developing queen larvae to assess their ability to tend the larvae. For 15 minutes I observed and recorded the time each individually marked nurse bee spent with her head and thorax inside the queen cell and her abdomen rhythmically contracting. After this observation period, I removed their hypopharyngeal glands for imaging and determined the average width of their acini as a proxy for their ability to produce royal jelly. I found no effect of either pesticide individually, a mixture of the two, or of the insect growth regulator insecticide diflubenzuron, which I chose as a positive control due to its previously demonstrated effect on hypopharyngeal gland morphology, on time spent nursing, or on mean acini width of the hypopharyngeal gland. A significant relationship does exist, however, between the mean width of an individual nurse bee’s acini and the time that that individual bee spent engaged in nursing behavior toward the queen cell to which she was exposed. Based on the hive level effect, however, this study may not be sufficient justification for assuming that sublethal effects are not a concern.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Pearlstein, Daniel Joseph"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Entomology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Berenbaum, May R"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-03-05T21:36:45Z","date_published":"2021-03-05T21:36:45Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:50Z","subjects":["Apis mellifera, pesticide, nursing, hypopharyngeal gland, behavior, morphology"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2020 Daniel Pearlstein"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/109329","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Berenbaum, May R"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Pearlstein, Daniel Joseph"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2021-03-05T21:36:45Z","2020-08-31","2020-12"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Entomology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Apis mellifera, pesticide, nursing, hypopharyngeal gland, behavior, morphology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2020 Daniel Pearlstein"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/109329"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Almond growers in California’s Central Valley routinely use tank mixes of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole and the triazole fungicide propiconazole for pest management during bloom. Although this mix is considered safe for honey bees, I investigated possible sublethal effects on the nursing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology of one-week-old nurse bees. For one week I fed newly emerged adults pollen treated with pesticides at minimum concentrations that had previously been shown to affect honey bee development, after which I caged them with developing queen larvae to assess their ability to tend the larvae. For 15 minutes I observed and recorded the time each individually marked nurse bee spent with her head and thorax inside the queen cell and her abdomen rhythmically contracting. After this observation period, I removed their hypopharyngeal glands for imaging and determined the average width of their acini as a proxy for their ability to produce royal jelly. I found no effect of either pesticide individually, a mixture of the two, or of the insect growth regulator insecticide diflubenzuron, which I chose as a positive control due to its previously demonstrated effect on hypopharyngeal gland morphology, on time spent nursing, or on mean acini width of the hypopharyngeal gland. A significant relationship does exist, however, between the mean width of an individual nurse bee’s acini and the time that that individual bee spent engaged in nursing behavior toward the queen cell to which she was exposed. Based on the hive level effect, however, this study may not be sufficient justification for assuming that sublethal effects are not a concern.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2021-03-04 without embargo terms","The student, Daniel Pearlstein, accepted the attached license on 2020-08-28 at 06:33.","The student, Daniel Pearlstein, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2020-08-28 at 06:43.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2020-08-31 at 10:37.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15786 on 2021-03-04 at 15:33:36","Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 PEARLSTEIN-THESIS-2020.pdf: 1062955 bytes, checksum: 80452bbb1a79f0329f95df36a748dc83 (MD5) Pearlstein_Daniel Fixed.docx: 1827683 bytes, checksum: 28c1a4a6e9fca8e2768f546362cbdfc0 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4214 bytes, checksum: 21a7016c7c331274638ec045a49daff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-08-31"]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Effects of an insecticide/fungicide mixture on queen rearing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Berenbaum, May R"],"dc:creator":["Pearlstein, Daniel Joseph"],"dc:date":["2021-03-05T21:36:45Z","2020-08-31","2020-12"],"dc:description":["Almond growers in California’s Central Valley routinely use tank mixes of the diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole and the triazole fungicide propiconazole for pest management during bloom. Although this mix is considered safe for honey bees, I investigated possible sublethal effects on the nursing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology of one-week-old nurse bees. For one week I fed newly emerged adults pollen treated with pesticides at minimum concentrations that had previously been shown to affect honey bee development, after which I caged them with developing queen larvae to assess their ability to tend the larvae. For 15 minutes I observed and recorded the time each individually marked nurse bee spent with her head and thorax inside the queen cell and her abdomen rhythmically contracting. After this observation period, I removed their hypopharyngeal glands for imaging and determined the average width of their acini as a proxy for their ability to produce royal jelly. I found no effect of either pesticide individually, a mixture of the two, or of the insect growth regulator insecticide diflubenzuron, which I chose as a positive control due to its previously demonstrated effect on hypopharyngeal gland morphology, on time spent nursing, or on mean acini width of the hypopharyngeal gland. A significant relationship does exist, however, between the mean width of an individual nurse bee’s acini and the time that that individual bee spent engaged in nursing behavior toward the queen cell to which she was exposed. Based on the hive level effect, however, this study may not be sufficient justification for assuming that sublethal effects are not a concern.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2021-03-04 without embargo terms","The student, Daniel Pearlstein, accepted the attached license on 2020-08-28 at 06:33.","The student, Daniel Pearlstein, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2020-08-28 at 06:43.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2020-08-31 at 10:37.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15786 on 2021-03-04 at 15:33:36","Made available in DSpace on 2021-03-05T21:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 PEARLSTEIN-THESIS-2020.pdf: 1062955 bytes, checksum: 80452bbb1a79f0329f95df36a748dc83 (MD5) Pearlstein_Daniel Fixed.docx: 1827683 bytes, checksum: 28c1a4a6e9fca8e2768f546362cbdfc0 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4214 bytes, checksum: 21a7016c7c331274638ec045a49daff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-08-31"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/109329"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2020 Daniel Pearlstein"],"dc:subject":["Apis mellifera, pesticide, nursing, hypopharyngeal gland, behavior, morphology"],"dc:title":["Effects of an insecticide/fungicide mixture on queen rearing behavior and hypopharyngeal gland morphology in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Entomology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:50Z"}