{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/108716"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/108716","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Semantically-rich as-built 3D modeling of the built environment from point cloud data","abstract":"Modeling of the as-built environment is used by the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facilities Management (AEC/FM) industry in a variety of engineering analysis scenarios. Significant applications include progress monitoring of construction sites, quality control of fabrication and on-site assembly, energy performance assessment, and structural integrity evaluation. The modeling process mainly consists of three sequential steps: data collection, modeling, and analysis. In current practice, these steps are performed manually by surveyors, designers, and engineers. Such manual tasks can be time-consuming, prohibitively expensive, and are prone to errors. While the analysis stage is fairly quick, taking several hours to complete, data collection and modeling can be the bottlenecks of the process: the first can spread over a few days, and the latter can span over multiple weeks or even months. Hence, the applicability of as-built modeling has been traditionally restricted to high latency analysis, where the model need not be updated frequently. In fast changing environments such as construction sites or tenant improvement projects, due to the difficulty in rapidly updating 3D models, model-based assessment methods for purposes such as progress or quality monitoring or creating the basis for design have had very limited applications. There is a need for a low-cost, reliable, and automated method for as-built modeling. This method should quickly generate and update accurate and complete semantically-rich models in a master format that is translatable to any engineering scenario and can be widely applied across all construction projects. This dissertation address these limitations by presenting an end-to-end procedure based on machine learning algorithms for generating semantically-rich 3D models from point cloud data. It specifically offers three new steps: (1) a new method that segments point clouds into semantically and geometrically meaningful subsets; this method outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions by addressing the problems of over-segmentation and semantic labeling beyond planar surfaces; (2) a new method that fits non-uniform b-spline curves and surfaces (NURBS) into the segmented point cloud subsets. This method also addresses several key manual steps within the state-of-the-art surface and NURBS fitting methods; and (3) a new method that reasons about the interconnectivity between NURBS surfaces based on formalized knowledge of construction sequencing and in particular geometrical relationship to connect the surfaces and finally represent semantically-rich 3D CAD models. My work also introduces a new dataset of point clouds from real-world commercial and industrial buildings. These point clouds were carefully modeled with cross-validation. A comprehensive set of machine learning validation techniques are used to present experimental results. The results show the end-to-end procedure can significantly low time and cost during a typical Scan to BIM process. The results also show that each individual method in the presented pipeline outperforms the most relevant state-of-the-art techniques. The benefits and limitations of the practice of Scan to BIM are discussed in detail.","abstract_html":"Modeling of the as-built environment is used by the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facilities Management (AEC/FM) industry in a variety of engineering analysis scenarios. Significant applications include progress monitoring of construction sites, quality control of fabrication and on-site assembly, energy performance assessment, and structural integrity evaluation. The modeling process mainly consists of three sequential steps: data collection, modeling, and analysis. In current practice, these steps are performed manually by surveyors, designers, and engineers. Such manual tasks can be time-consuming, prohibitively expensive, and are prone to errors. While the analysis stage is fairly quick, taking several hours to complete, data collection and modeling can be the bottlenecks of the process: the first can spread over a few days, and the latter can span over multiple weeks or even months. Hence, the applicability of as-built modeling has been traditionally restricted to high latency analysis, where the model need not be updated frequently. In fast changing environments such as construction sites or tenant improvement projects, due to the difficulty in rapidly updating 3D models, model-based assessment methods for purposes such as progress or quality monitoring or creating the basis for design have had very limited applications. There is a need for a low-cost, reliable, and automated method for as-built modeling. This method should quickly generate and update accurate and complete semantically-rich models in a master format that is translatable to any engineering scenario and can be widely applied across all construction projects. This dissertation address these limitations by presenting an end-to-end procedure based on machine learning algorithms for generating semantically-rich 3D models from point cloud data. It specifically offers three new steps: (1) a new method that segments point clouds into semantically and geometrically meaningful subsets; this method outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions by addressing the problems of over-segmentation and semantic labeling beyond planar surfaces; (2) a new method that fits non-uniform b-spline curves and surfaces (NURBS) into the segmented point cloud subsets. This method also addresses several key manual steps within the state-of-the-art surface and NURBS fitting methods; and (3) a new method that reasons about the interconnectivity between NURBS surfaces based on formalized knowledge of construction sequencing and in particular geometrical relationship to connect the surfaces and finally represent semantically-rich 3D CAD models. My work also introduces a new dataset of point clouds from real-world commercial and industrial buildings. These point clouds were carefully modeled with cross-validation. A comprehensive set of machine learning validation techniques are used to present experimental results. The results show the end-to-end procedure can significantly low time and cost during a typical Scan to BIM process. The results also show that each individual method in the presented pipeline outperforms the most relevant state-of-the-art techniques. The benefits and limitations of the practice of Scan to BIM are discussed in detail.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Perez, Yeritza"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Civil Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Golparvar-Fard, Mani","El-Rayes, Khaled","Liu, Liang","El-Gohary, Nora","Hoiem, Derek"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2020,"date_issued":"2020-10-07T22:50:03Z","date_published":"2020-10-07T22:50:03Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:48Z","subjects":["ScanToBIM","Semantic Segmentation","Geometric Segmentation","Point Cloud","Deep Learning","Machine Learning","Segmentation","NURBS"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2020 Yeritza Perez"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/108716","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Golparvar-Fard, Mani","El-Rayes, Khaled","Liu, Liang","El-Gohary, Nora","Hoiem, Derek"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Perez, Yeritza"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2020-10-07T22:50:03Z","2022-10-07T22:50:13Z","2020-07-17","2020-08"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text","Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Civil Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["ScanToBIM","Semantic Segmentation","Geometric Segmentation","Point Cloud","Deep Learning","Machine Learning","Segmentation","NURBS"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2020 Yeritza Perez"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/108716"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Modeling of the as-built environment is used by the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Facilities Management (AEC/FM) industry in a variety of engineering analysis scenarios. Significant applications include progress monitoring of construction sites, quality control of fabrication and on-site assembly, energy performance assessment, and structural integrity evaluation. The modeling process mainly consists of three sequential steps: data collection, modeling, and analysis. In current practice, these steps are performed manually by surveyors, designers, and engineers. Such manual tasks can be time-consuming, prohibitively expensive, and are prone to errors. While the analysis stage is fairly quick, taking several hours to complete, data collection and modeling can be the bottlenecks of the process: the first can spread over a few days, and the latter can span over multiple weeks or even months. Hence, the applicability of as-built modeling has been traditionally restricted to high latency analysis, where the model need not be updated frequently. In fast changing environments such as construction sites or tenant improvement projects, due to the difficulty in rapidly updating 3D models, model-based assessment methods for purposes such as progress or quality monitoring or creating the basis for design have had very limited applications. There is a need for a low-cost, reliable, and automated method for as-built modeling. This method should quickly generate and update accurate and complete semantically-rich models in a master format that is translatable to any engineering scenario and can be widely applied across all construction projects. This dissertation address these limitations by presenting an end-to-end procedure based on machine learning algorithms for generating semantically-rich 3D models from point cloud data. It specifically offers three new steps: (1) a new method that segments point clouds into semantically and geometrically meaningful subsets; this method outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions by addressing the problems of over-segmentation and semantic labeling beyond planar surfaces; (2) a new method that fits non-uniform b-spline curves and surfaces (NURBS) into the segmented point cloud subsets. This method also addresses several key manual steps within the state-of-the-art surface and NURBS fitting methods; and (3) a new method that reasons about the interconnectivity between NURBS surfaces based on formalized knowledge of construction sequencing and in particular geometrical relationship to connect the surfaces and finally represent semantically-rich 3D CAD models. My work also introduces a new dataset of point clouds from real-world commercial and industrial buildings. These point clouds were carefully modeled with cross-validation. A comprehensive set of machine learning validation techniques are used to present experimental results. The results show the end-to-end procedure can significantly low time and cost during a typical Scan to BIM process. The results also show that each individual method in the presented pipeline outperforms the most relevant state-of-the-art techniques. The benefits and limitations of the practice of Scan to BIM are discussed in detail.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2022-08-01","The student, Yeritza Perez, accepted the attached license on 2020-07-17 at 08:55.","The student, Yeritza Perez, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2020-07-17 at 09:26.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2020-07-17 at 14:56.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15673 on 2020-10-02 at 15:51:22","Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-07T22:50:03Z (GMT). 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Significant applications include progress monitoring of construction sites, quality control of fabrication and on-site assembly, energy performance assessment, and structural integrity evaluation. The modeling process mainly consists of three sequential steps: data collection, modeling, and analysis. In current practice, these steps are performed manually by surveyors, designers, and engineers. Such manual tasks can be time-consuming, prohibitively expensive, and are prone to errors. While the analysis stage is fairly quick, taking several hours to complete, data collection and modeling can be the bottlenecks of the process: the first can spread over a few days, and the latter can span over multiple weeks or even months. Hence, the applicability of as-built modeling has been traditionally restricted to high latency analysis, where the model need not be updated frequently. In fast changing environments such as construction sites or tenant improvement projects, due to the difficulty in rapidly updating 3D models, model-based assessment methods for purposes such as progress or quality monitoring or creating the basis for design have had very limited applications. There is a need for a low-cost, reliable, and automated method for as-built modeling. This method should quickly generate and update accurate and complete semantically-rich models in a master format that is translatable to any engineering scenario and can be widely applied across all construction projects. This dissertation address these limitations by presenting an end-to-end procedure based on machine learning algorithms for generating semantically-rich 3D models from point cloud data. It specifically offers three new steps: (1) a new method that segments point clouds into semantically and geometrically meaningful subsets; this method outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions by addressing the problems of over-segmentation and semantic labeling beyond planar surfaces; (2) a new method that fits non-uniform b-spline curves and surfaces (NURBS) into the segmented point cloud subsets. This method also addresses several key manual steps within the state-of-the-art surface and NURBS fitting methods; and (3) a new method that reasons about the interconnectivity between NURBS surfaces based on formalized knowledge of construction sequencing and in particular geometrical relationship to connect the surfaces and finally represent semantically-rich 3D CAD models. My work also introduces a new dataset of point clouds from real-world commercial and industrial buildings. These point clouds were carefully modeled with cross-validation. A comprehensive set of machine learning validation techniques are used to present experimental results. The results show the end-to-end procedure can significantly low time and cost during a typical Scan to BIM process. The results also show that each individual method in the presented pipeline outperforms the most relevant state-of-the-art techniques. The benefits and limitations of the practice of Scan to BIM are discussed in detail.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2022-08-01","The student, Yeritza Perez, accepted the attached license on 2020-07-17 at 08:55.","The student, Yeritza Perez, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2020-07-17 at 09:26.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2020-07-17 at 14:56.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #15673 on 2020-10-02 at 15:51:22","Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-07T22:50:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 PEREZ-DISSERTATION-2020.pdf: 13140328 bytes, checksum: 77a27bb55219ae07bd9dbcc03e71cdba (MD5) manuscript_latex.zip: 13750378 bytes, checksum: 711766ac8bc7a746093a8f1235c10fb7 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4210 bytes, checksum: b8ee73568f2f29b4c565facf3575d2a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-07-17","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 116345 Lift date: 2022-10-07T22:50:13Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/108716"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2020 Yeritza Perez"],"dc:subject":["ScanToBIM","Semantic Segmentation","Geometric Segmentation","Point Cloud","Deep Learning","Machine Learning","Segmentation","NURBS"],"dc:title":["Semantically-rich as-built 3D modeling of the built environment from point cloud data"],"dc:type":["text","Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Civil Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:48Z"}