{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/106459"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/106459","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Functional characterization and analysis of Carica papaya SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (CpSVP)","abstract":"Carica papaya (papaya), a fruit cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions, is known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal applications. Sex in papaya is controlled by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes with two slightly different Y chromosomes that distinguish males (XY) and hermaphrodites (XYh). These two Y chromosomes diverged about 4,000 years ago with only 0.4% sequence difference between them. The hermaphrodite specific region of the Yh chromosome (HSY), its X chromosome counterpart, and the male specific region of the Y (MSY) were sequenced. This relatively small region contains the sex determination genes as well as gene responsible for sex-linked traits such as peduncle length. Carica papaya contains three types of sex chromosome-female X, male Y and hermaphrodite Yh, and the male plant is the only sex type that bears long peduncle with numerous flowers. This sexual morphology provides a reproductive advantage by optimizing male inflorescence structure to maximize the number of flowers it can bear. However, the gene(s) responsible for this male-linked trait is not identified. There are two genes that differentiate males and hermaphrodites: a carpel suppressor gene and a gene promoting the elongation of peduncle length. SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (CpSVP) is present in Y chromosome but absent from X chromosome and is disrupted in Yh chromosome made it one of the ideal candidate genes for controlling peduncle length or sex determination. Using Arabidopsis as a heterologous system, CpSVP-Y male allele is sub-functionalized on both pedicel length and flowering time regulation while the autosomal allele is only involved in the former function. The CpSVP-Yh allele had no effect on pedicel length or flowering time. In Arabidopsis, we studied the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP during vegetative and reproductive stages. CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh are expressed transcriptionally in the floral organs, pedicels and leaves under its native 2kb promoter regulation but only CpSVP-Y allele can cause pedicel elongation, with no defects in reproductive organs. CpSVP-A(2kb) also is expressed in the same tissues, albeit weakly in the pedicels. Under its native 1kb promoter, CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh is not expressed in the floral organs and negligible expression in pedicels. We identified a GA response cis-element, a pyrimidine box (P-box) at -461 bp, that enhances CpSVP expression and pedicels with no effect on flowering time, elongating pedicels only for CpSVP-Y allele. Determining the gene responsible for peduncle elongation will enhance our understanding of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes of papaya. These findings implicate that the P-box at -461 bp promoter region plays a major role in controlling the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP-Y, which leads to peduncle length and flowering time regulation but not sex determination.","abstract_html":"Carica papaya (papaya), a fruit cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions, is known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal applications. Sex in papaya is controlled by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes with two slightly different Y chromosomes that distinguish males (XY) and hermaphrodites (XYh). These two Y chromosomes diverged about 4,000 years ago with only 0.4% sequence difference between them. The hermaphrodite specific region of the Yh chromosome (HSY), its X chromosome counterpart, and the male specific region of the Y (MSY) were sequenced. This relatively small region contains the sex determination genes as well as gene responsible for sex-linked traits such as peduncle length. Carica papaya contains three types of sex chromosome-female X, male Y and hermaphrodite Yh, and the male plant is the only sex type that bears long peduncle with numerous flowers. This sexual morphology provides a reproductive advantage by optimizing male inflorescence structure to maximize the number of flowers it can bear. However, the gene(s) responsible for this male-linked trait is not identified. There are two genes that differentiate males and hermaphrodites: a carpel suppressor gene and a gene promoting the elongation of peduncle length. SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (CpSVP) is present in Y chromosome but absent from X chromosome and is disrupted in Yh chromosome made it one of the ideal candidate genes for controlling peduncle length or sex determination. Using Arabidopsis as a heterologous system, CpSVP-Y male allele is sub-functionalized on both pedicel length and flowering time regulation while the autosomal allele is only involved in the former function. The CpSVP-Yh allele had no effect on pedicel length or flowering time. In Arabidopsis, we studied the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP during vegetative and reproductive stages. CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh are expressed transcriptionally in the floral organs, pedicels and leaves under its native 2kb promoter regulation but only CpSVP-Y allele can cause pedicel elongation, with no defects in reproductive organs. CpSVP-A(2kb) also is expressed in the same tissues, albeit weakly in the pedicels. Under its native 1kb promoter, CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh is not expressed in the floral organs and negligible expression in pedicels. We identified a GA response cis-element, a pyrimidine box (P-box) at -461 bp, that enhances CpSVP expression and pedicels with no effect on flowering time, elongating pedicels only for CpSVP-Y allele. Determining the gene responsible for peduncle elongation will enhance our understanding of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes of papaya. These findings implicate that the P-box at -461 bp promoter region plays a major role in controlling the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP-Y, which leads to peduncle length and flowering time regulation but not sex determination.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Nguyen, Julie"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Plant Biology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Ming, Ray","Heath, Katy","Chen, Li-Qing","Jamann, Tiffany"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2020,"date_issued":"2020-03-02T22:38:47Z","date_published":"2020-03-02T22:38:47Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:47Z","subjects":["Papaya, sex chromosome evolution, peduncle elongation"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2019 Julie Nguyen"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106459","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Ming, Ray","Heath, Katy","Chen, Li-Qing","Jamann, Tiffany"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Nguyen, Julie"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2020-03-02T22:38:47Z","2023-12-01T06:00:00Z","2019-12-04","2019-12"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Plant Biology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Papaya, sex chromosome evolution, peduncle elongation"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2019 Julie Nguyen"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106459"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Carica papaya (papaya), a fruit cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions, is known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal applications. Sex in papaya is controlled by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes with two slightly different Y chromosomes that distinguish males (XY) and hermaphrodites (XYh). These two Y chromosomes diverged about 4,000 years ago with only 0.4% sequence difference between them. The hermaphrodite specific region of the Yh chromosome (HSY), its X chromosome counterpart, and the male specific region of the Y (MSY) were sequenced. This relatively small region contains the sex determination genes as well as gene responsible for sex-linked traits such as peduncle length. Carica papaya contains three types of sex chromosome-female X, male Y and hermaphrodite Yh, and the male plant is the only sex type that bears long peduncle with numerous flowers. This sexual morphology provides a reproductive advantage by optimizing male inflorescence structure to maximize the number of flowers it can bear. However, the gene(s) responsible for this male-linked trait is not identified. There are two genes that differentiate males and hermaphrodites: a carpel suppressor gene and a gene promoting the elongation of peduncle length. SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (CpSVP) is present in Y chromosome but absent from X chromosome and is disrupted in Yh chromosome made it one of the ideal candidate genes for controlling peduncle length or sex determination. Using Arabidopsis as a heterologous system, CpSVP-Y male allele is sub-functionalized on both pedicel length and flowering time regulation while the autosomal allele is only involved in the former function. The CpSVP-Yh allele had no effect on pedicel length or flowering time. In Arabidopsis, we studied the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP during vegetative and reproductive stages. CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh are expressed transcriptionally in the floral organs, pedicels and leaves under its native 2kb promoter regulation but only CpSVP-Y allele can cause pedicel elongation, with no defects in reproductive organs. CpSVP-A(2kb) also is expressed in the same tissues, albeit weakly in the pedicels. Under its native 1kb promoter, CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh is not expressed in the floral organs and negligible expression in pedicels. We identified a GA response cis-element, a pyrimidine box (P-box) at -461 bp, that enhances CpSVP expression and pedicels with no effect on flowering time, elongating pedicels only for CpSVP-Y allele. Determining the gene responsible for peduncle elongation will enhance our understanding of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes of papaya. These findings implicate that the P-box at -461 bp promoter region plays a major role in controlling the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP-Y, which leads to peduncle length and flowering time regulation but not sex determination.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2021-12-01","The student, Julie Nguyen, accepted the attached license on 2019-11-22 at 19:13.","The student, Julie Nguyen, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2019-11-26 at 10:14.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2019-12-04 at 11:42.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14599 on 2020-02-28 at 17:36:45","Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-02T22:38:47Z (GMT). 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Sex in papaya is controlled by a pair of nascent sex chromosomes with two slightly different Y chromosomes that distinguish males (XY) and hermaphrodites (XYh). These two Y chromosomes diverged about 4,000 years ago with only 0.4% sequence difference between them. The hermaphrodite specific region of the Yh chromosome (HSY), its X chromosome counterpart, and the male specific region of the Y (MSY) were sequenced. This relatively small region contains the sex determination genes as well as gene responsible for sex-linked traits such as peduncle length. Carica papaya contains three types of sex chromosome-female X, male Y and hermaphrodite Yh, and the male plant is the only sex type that bears long peduncle with numerous flowers. This sexual morphology provides a reproductive advantage by optimizing male inflorescence structure to maximize the number of flowers it can bear. However, the gene(s) responsible for this male-linked trait is not identified. There are two genes that differentiate males and hermaphrodites: a carpel suppressor gene and a gene promoting the elongation of peduncle length. SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (CpSVP) is present in Y chromosome but absent from X chromosome and is disrupted in Yh chromosome made it one of the ideal candidate genes for controlling peduncle length or sex determination. Using Arabidopsis as a heterologous system, CpSVP-Y male allele is sub-functionalized on both pedicel length and flowering time regulation while the autosomal allele is only involved in the former function. The CpSVP-Yh allele had no effect on pedicel length or flowering time. In Arabidopsis, we studied the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP during vegetative and reproductive stages. CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh are expressed transcriptionally in the floral organs, pedicels and leaves under its native 2kb promoter regulation but only CpSVP-Y allele can cause pedicel elongation, with no defects in reproductive organs. CpSVP-A(2kb) also is expressed in the same tissues, albeit weakly in the pedicels. Under its native 1kb promoter, CpSVP-Y and CpSVP-Yh is not expressed in the floral organs and negligible expression in pedicels. We identified a GA response cis-element, a pyrimidine box (P-box) at -461 bp, that enhances CpSVP expression and pedicels with no effect on flowering time, elongating pedicels only for CpSVP-Y allele. Determining the gene responsible for peduncle elongation will enhance our understanding of sex determination and the evolution of sex chromosomes of papaya. These findings implicate that the P-box at -461 bp promoter region plays a major role in controlling the spatial and temporal expression of CpSVP-Y, which leads to peduncle length and flowering time regulation but not sex determination.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2021-12-01","The student, Julie Nguyen, accepted the attached license on 2019-11-22 at 19:13.","The student, Julie Nguyen, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2019-11-26 at 10:14.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2019-12-04 at 11:42.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14599 on 2020-02-28 at 17:36:45","Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-02T22:38:47Z (GMT). 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