{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/106149"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/106149","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"The fate of the unexpected: Consequences of misprediction on ERP repetition patterns","abstract":"Amid increasing interest in the nature and role of prediction in language comprehension, there remains a gap in our understanding of what happens when predictions are disconfirmed. One possibility is that lingering representations of predictions interfere with those of the unexpected words. Alternatively, it is also possible that violating predictions strengthens the representations of unexpected words – e.g., by drawing attention to them and/or making them more distinctive. Here, the consequences of prediction violations are investigated using the ERP repetition effect. Unexpected but plausible words completed strongly and weakly constraining sentences. Three sentences later the critical word was repeated at the end of a weakly constraining sentence. As a control, the critical word was seen only once in a weakly constraining sentence. In Experiment 1, repeated words elicited a reduced N400 and enhanced LPC, with no effect of initial sentence constraint on the size of the repetition effect in either time window. However, a P2 effect that reached significance only for words initially appearing in a weakly constraining context potentially reflects subtle differences in attention or recognition for words initially appearing in weakly constraining contexts. Experiment 2 used the same items, except for items in the control condition, and added strongly constraining filler sentences with expected endings in order to further promote prediction during reading. Once again, for repeated words there was no effect of initial sentence constraint at either the N400 or the LPC. Additionally, the P2 effect observed in Experiment 1 was not seen in the results for Experiment 2. When considered alongside prior results (Rommers & Federmeier, 2018b, 2018a), these findings suggest that prediction eases processing by instantiating expected words while also potentially reducing encoding or allocation of attention to the input. Thus, the language processor may be well-equipped for the noisiness of language, such that prediction violations may be neither as costly – nor as critical – for language comprehension as has sometimes been assumed.","abstract_html":"Amid increasing interest in the nature and role of prediction in language comprehension, there remains a gap in our understanding of what happens when predictions are disconfirmed. One possibility is that lingering representations of predictions interfere with those of the unexpected words. Alternatively, it is also possible that violating predictions strengthens the representations of unexpected words – e.g., by drawing attention to them and/or making them more distinctive. Here, the consequences of prediction violations are investigated using the ERP repetition effect. Unexpected but plausible words completed strongly and weakly constraining sentences. Three sentences later the critical word was repeated at the end of a weakly constraining sentence. As a control, the critical word was seen only once in a weakly constraining sentence. In Experiment 1, repeated words elicited a reduced N400 and enhanced LPC, with no effect of initial sentence constraint on the size of the repetition effect in either time window. However, a P2 effect that reached significance only for words initially appearing in a weakly constraining context potentially reflects subtle differences in attention or recognition for words initially appearing in weakly constraining contexts. Experiment 2 used the same items, except for items in the control condition, and added strongly constraining filler sentences with expected endings in order to further promote prediction during reading. Once again, for repeated words there was no effect of initial sentence constraint at either the N400 or the LPC. Additionally, the P2 effect observed in Experiment 1 was not seen in the results for Experiment 2. When considered alongside prior results (Rommers & Federmeier, 2018b, 2018a), these findings suggest that prediction eases processing by instantiating expected words while also potentially reducing encoding or allocation of attention to the input. Thus, the language processor may be well-equipped for the noisiness of language, such that prediction violations may be neither as costly – nor as critical – for language comprehension as has sometimes been assumed.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lai, Melinh K."],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Federmeier, Kara D."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2020,"date_issued":"2020-03-02T21:57:56Z","date_published":"2020-03-02T21:57:56Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:45Z","subjects":["prediction, psycholinguistics, N400, ERP"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2019 Melinh Lai"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106149","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Federmeier, Kara D."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lai, Melinh K."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2020-03-02T21:57:56Z","2019-09-03","2019-12"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["prediction, psycholinguistics, N400, ERP"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2019 Melinh Lai"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106149"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Amid increasing interest in the nature and role of prediction in language comprehension, there remains a gap in our understanding of what happens when predictions are disconfirmed. One possibility is that lingering representations of predictions interfere with those of the unexpected words. Alternatively, it is also possible that violating predictions strengthens the representations of unexpected words – e.g., by drawing attention to them and/or making them more distinctive. Here, the consequences of prediction violations are investigated using the ERP repetition effect. Unexpected but plausible words completed strongly and weakly constraining sentences. Three sentences later the critical word was repeated at the end of a weakly constraining sentence. As a control, the critical word was seen only once in a weakly constraining sentence. In Experiment 1, repeated words elicited a reduced N400 and enhanced LPC, with no effect of initial sentence constraint on the size of the repetition effect in either time window. However, a P2 effect that reached significance only for words initially appearing in a weakly constraining context potentially reflects subtle differences in attention or recognition for words initially appearing in weakly constraining contexts. Experiment 2 used the same items, except for items in the control condition, and added strongly constraining filler sentences with expected endings in order to further promote prediction during reading. Once again, for repeated words there was no effect of initial sentence constraint at either the N400 or the LPC. Additionally, the P2 effect observed in Experiment 1 was not seen in the results for Experiment 2. When considered alongside prior results (Rommers & Federmeier, 2018b, 2018a), these findings suggest that prediction eases processing by instantiating expected words while also potentially reducing encoding or allocation of attention to the input. Thus, the language processor may be well-equipped for the noisiness of language, such that prediction violations may be neither as costly – nor as critical – for language comprehension as has sometimes been assumed.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2020-02-28 without embargo terms","The student, Melinh Lai, accepted the attached license on 2019-08-30 at 14:47.","The student, Melinh Lai, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2019-08-30 at 14:48.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2019-09-03 at 16:21.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14442 on 2020-02-28 at 17:11:22","Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-02T21:57:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 LAI-THESIS-2019.pdf: 1998922 bytes, checksum: 606663ae234478db6937ae7404ee62aa (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4207 bytes, checksum: 790de9323922fc070be3228697d2e46c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-09-03"]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The fate of the unexpected: Consequences of misprediction on ERP repetition patterns"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Federmeier, Kara D."],"dc:creator":["Lai, Melinh K."],"dc:date":["2020-03-02T21:57:56Z","2019-09-03","2019-12"],"dc:description":["Amid increasing interest in the nature and role of prediction in language comprehension, there remains a gap in our understanding of what happens when predictions are disconfirmed. One possibility is that lingering representations of predictions interfere with those of the unexpected words. Alternatively, it is also possible that violating predictions strengthens the representations of unexpected words – e.g., by drawing attention to them and/or making them more distinctive. Here, the consequences of prediction violations are investigated using the ERP repetition effect. Unexpected but plausible words completed strongly and weakly constraining sentences. Three sentences later the critical word was repeated at the end of a weakly constraining sentence. As a control, the critical word was seen only once in a weakly constraining sentence. In Experiment 1, repeated words elicited a reduced N400 and enhanced LPC, with no effect of initial sentence constraint on the size of the repetition effect in either time window. However, a P2 effect that reached significance only for words initially appearing in a weakly constraining context potentially reflects subtle differences in attention or recognition for words initially appearing in weakly constraining contexts. Experiment 2 used the same items, except for items in the control condition, and added strongly constraining filler sentences with expected endings in order to further promote prediction during reading. Once again, for repeated words there was no effect of initial sentence constraint at either the N400 or the LPC. Additionally, the P2 effect observed in Experiment 1 was not seen in the results for Experiment 2. When considered alongside prior results (Rommers & Federmeier, 2018b, 2018a), these findings suggest that prediction eases processing by instantiating expected words while also potentially reducing encoding or allocation of attention to the input. Thus, the language processor may be well-equipped for the noisiness of language, such that prediction violations may be neither as costly – nor as critical – for language comprehension as has sometimes been assumed.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2020-02-28 without embargo terms","The student, Melinh Lai, accepted the attached license on 2019-08-30 at 14:47.","The student, Melinh Lai, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2019-08-30 at 14:48.","This Thesis was approved for publication on 2019-09-03 at 16:21.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #14442 on 2020-02-28 at 17:11:22","Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-02T21:57:56Z (GMT). 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