{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/102466"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/102466","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Performance of C-Shaped structural concrete walls subjected to bi-directional loading","abstract":"Reinforced concrete walls are commonly used as the lateral force resisting system for mid-rise buildings in regions of low and high seismicity. Wall geometries in buildings are generally complex configurations to accommodate architectural constraints during new construction or existing conditions in seismic retrofit applications. A typical configuration for seismic regions is the concrete core-wall system in which coupling beams link a pair of C-shaped walls. While a prevalent structural system, few experimental research programs have examined this wall type and codes of practice have focused on design provisions for planar walls which do not fully account for the effects of non-planar geometry and multi-directional loading. To improve the understanding of the three-dimensional and asymmetric response of coupled core walls, an experimental testing program of C-shaped walls subjected to uni-directional and bi-directional cyclic loading was completed. Three C-shaped walls representative of a ten-story core wall building were tested at the University of Illinois Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory. Each wall test was subjected to progressively complex loading conditions, and a new stiffness-based loading algorithm was developed to conduct the experiment. Analysis of the experimental data studied the energy dissipation, progression of yielding, components of deformation to total wall drift, base deformations, strain fields generated from displacement field data, and overall displacement profiles of the prototype ten-story building. Subsequent evaluations using prior experimental tests of planar, coupled and non-planar walls identified the aspects of behavior unique to C-shaped walls. The experimental tests exhibited a ductile failure resulting from loss of boundary element confinement, bar buckling, and rupture of the longitudinal bars. However, the ductile failure mechanism was precipitated by increased shear deformation and undesirable shear related damage of base sliding and web crushing. The onset of damage mechanisms, propagation of damage, and drift capacity at failure was identified to be path dependent, and bi-directional loading decreased drift capacity. Effective flexural and shear stiffness values for the elastic analysis of non-planar walls were recommended for design. Design variables and demand to capacity ratios were parametrically studied for non-planar walls as a means to correlate drift capacity and ductility. To supplement the experimental data, a series of non-linear finite element analyses were conducted using a layered shell element model with comprehensive constitutive models capturing the cracked response of reinforced concrete in cyclic biaxial loading conditions. Model validation is conducted using reinforced concrete panel tests, and the impact of crack spacing on prediction is quantified. The resulting analytical models of the C-shaped walls provide a validation of the experimental results and a characterization of shear stress distribution as a function of drift level for strong axis and weak axis loading.","abstract_html":"Reinforced concrete walls are commonly used as the lateral force resisting system for mid-rise buildings in regions of low and high seismicity. Wall geometries in buildings are generally complex configurations to accommodate architectural constraints during new construction or existing conditions in seismic retrofit applications. A typical configuration for seismic regions is the concrete core-wall system in which coupling beams link a pair of C-shaped walls. While a prevalent structural system, few experimental research programs have examined this wall type and codes of practice have focused on design provisions for planar walls which do not fully account for the effects of non-planar geometry and multi-directional loading. To improve the understanding of the three-dimensional and asymmetric response of coupled core walls, an experimental testing program of C-shaped walls subjected to uni-directional and bi-directional cyclic loading was completed. Three C-shaped walls representative of a ten-story core wall building were tested at the University of Illinois Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory. Each wall test was subjected to progressively complex loading conditions, and a new stiffness-based loading algorithm was developed to conduct the experiment. Analysis of the experimental data studied the energy dissipation, progression of yielding, components of deformation to total wall drift, base deformations, strain fields generated from displacement field data, and overall displacement profiles of the prototype ten-story building. Subsequent evaluations using prior experimental tests of planar, coupled and non-planar walls identified the aspects of behavior unique to C-shaped walls. The experimental tests exhibited a ductile failure resulting from loss of boundary element confinement, bar buckling, and rupture of the longitudinal bars. However, the ductile failure mechanism was precipitated by increased shear deformation and undesirable shear related damage of base sliding and web crushing. The onset of damage mechanisms, propagation of damage, and drift capacity at failure was identified to be path dependent, and bi-directional loading decreased drift capacity. Effective flexural and shear stiffness values for the elastic analysis of non-planar walls were recommended for design. Design variables and demand to capacity ratios were parametrically studied for non-planar walls as a means to correlate drift capacity and ductility. To supplement the experimental data, a series of non-linear finite element analyses were conducted using a layered shell element model with comprehensive constitutive models capturing the cracked response of reinforced concrete in cyclic biaxial loading conditions. Model validation is conducted using reinforced concrete panel tests, and the impact of crack spacing on prediction is quantified. The resulting analytical models of the C-shaped walls provide a validation of the experimental results and a characterization of shear stress distribution as a function of drift level for strong axis and weak axis loading.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mock, Andrew W."],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Civil Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Kuchma, Daniel A.","Spencer, Billie F.","Lowes, Laura N.","Popovics, John S."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-02-06T19:36:26Z","date_published":"2019-02-06T19:36:26Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:40Z","subjects":["reinforced concrete wall","non-planar wall","coupled core wall","large-scale testing","finite element analysis","shear distribution","effective stiffness"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2018 Andrew W. Mock"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/102466","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Kuchma, Daniel A.","Spencer, Billie F.","Lowes, Laura N.","Popovics, John S."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mock, Andrew W."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2019-02-06T19:36:26Z","2018-12-03","2018-12"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Civil Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["reinforced concrete wall","non-planar wall","coupled core wall","large-scale testing","finite element analysis","shear distribution","effective stiffness"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2018 Andrew W. Mock"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/102466"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Reinforced concrete walls are commonly used as the lateral force resisting system for mid-rise buildings in regions of low and high seismicity. Wall geometries in buildings are generally complex configurations to accommodate architectural constraints during new construction or existing conditions in seismic retrofit applications. A typical configuration for seismic regions is the concrete core-wall system in which coupling beams link a pair of C-shaped walls. While a prevalent structural system, few experimental research programs have examined this wall type and codes of practice have focused on design provisions for planar walls which do not fully account for the effects of non-planar geometry and multi-directional loading. To improve the understanding of the three-dimensional and asymmetric response of coupled core walls, an experimental testing program of C-shaped walls subjected to uni-directional and bi-directional cyclic loading was completed. Three C-shaped walls representative of a ten-story core wall building were tested at the University of Illinois Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory. Each wall test was subjected to progressively complex loading conditions, and a new stiffness-based loading algorithm was developed to conduct the experiment. Analysis of the experimental data studied the energy dissipation, progression of yielding, components of deformation to total wall drift, base deformations, strain fields generated from displacement field data, and overall displacement profiles of the prototype ten-story building. Subsequent evaluations using prior experimental tests of planar, coupled and non-planar walls identified the aspects of behavior unique to C-shaped walls. The experimental tests exhibited a ductile failure resulting from loss of boundary element confinement, bar buckling, and rupture of the longitudinal bars. However, the ductile failure mechanism was precipitated by increased shear deformation and undesirable shear related damage of base sliding and web crushing. The onset of damage mechanisms, propagation of damage, and drift capacity at failure was identified to be path dependent, and bi-directional loading decreased drift capacity. Effective flexural and shear stiffness values for the elastic analysis of non-planar walls were recommended for design. Design variables and demand to capacity ratios were parametrically studied for non-planar walls as a means to correlate drift capacity and ductility. To supplement the experimental data, a series of non-linear finite element analyses were conducted using a layered shell element model with comprehensive constitutive models capturing the cracked response of reinforced concrete in cyclic biaxial loading conditions. Model validation is conducted using reinforced concrete panel tests, and the impact of crack spacing on prediction is quantified. The resulting analytical models of the C-shaped walls provide a validation of the experimental results and a characterization of shear stress distribution as a function of drift level for strong axis and weak axis loading.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2019-02-05 without embargo terms","The student, Andrew Mock, accepted the attached license on 2018-12-02 at 17:25.","The student, Andrew Mock, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-12-02 at 17:38.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-12-03 at 13:22.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #13175 on 2019-02-05 at 11:13:32","Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-06T19:36:26Z (GMT). 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A typical configuration for seismic regions is the concrete core-wall system in which coupling beams link a pair of C-shaped walls. While a prevalent structural system, few experimental research programs have examined this wall type and codes of practice have focused on design provisions for planar walls which do not fully account for the effects of non-planar geometry and multi-directional loading. To improve the understanding of the three-dimensional and asymmetric response of coupled core walls, an experimental testing program of C-shaped walls subjected to uni-directional and bi-directional cyclic loading was completed. Three C-shaped walls representative of a ten-story core wall building were tested at the University of Illinois Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory. Each wall test was subjected to progressively complex loading conditions, and a new stiffness-based loading algorithm was developed to conduct the experiment. Analysis of the experimental data studied the energy dissipation, progression of yielding, components of deformation to total wall drift, base deformations, strain fields generated from displacement field data, and overall displacement profiles of the prototype ten-story building. Subsequent evaluations using prior experimental tests of planar, coupled and non-planar walls identified the aspects of behavior unique to C-shaped walls. The experimental tests exhibited a ductile failure resulting from loss of boundary element confinement, bar buckling, and rupture of the longitudinal bars. However, the ductile failure mechanism was precipitated by increased shear deformation and undesirable shear related damage of base sliding and web crushing. The onset of damage mechanisms, propagation of damage, and drift capacity at failure was identified to be path dependent, and bi-directional loading decreased drift capacity. Effective flexural and shear stiffness values for the elastic analysis of non-planar walls were recommended for design. Design variables and demand to capacity ratios were parametrically studied for non-planar walls as a means to correlate drift capacity and ductility. To supplement the experimental data, a series of non-linear finite element analyses were conducted using a layered shell element model with comprehensive constitutive models capturing the cracked response of reinforced concrete in cyclic biaxial loading conditions. Model validation is conducted using reinforced concrete panel tests, and the impact of crack spacing on prediction is quantified. The resulting analytical models of the C-shaped walls provide a validation of the experimental results and a characterization of shear stress distribution as a function of drift level for strong axis and weak axis loading.","Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2019-02-05 without embargo terms","The student, Andrew Mock, accepted the attached license on 2018-12-02 at 17:25.","The student, Andrew Mock, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-12-02 at 17:38.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-12-03 at 13:22.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #13175 on 2019-02-05 at 11:13:32","Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-06T19:36:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MOCK-DISSERTATION-2018.pdf: 21363578 bytes, checksum: 88cb821141906617605b62e453cee640 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4208 bytes, checksum: 76bc7c15e5ef3f57157bc6e28a6d4986 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-03"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/102466"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2018 Andrew W. Mock"],"dc:subject":["reinforced concrete wall","non-planar wall","coupled core wall","large-scale testing","finite element analysis","shear distribution","effective stiffness"],"dc:title":["Performance of C-Shaped structural concrete walls subjected to bi-directional loading"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Civil Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:40Z"}