{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101781"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101781","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Characterizing the chelonian innate immune response through ranaviral challenge and in a natural system","abstract":"Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T16:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 RAYL-DISSERTATION-2018.pdf: 638396271 bytes, checksum: 497be79271602193af2a8513392b4a32 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4208 bytes, checksum: f4eeada332d7c87f9720dd9a41a99a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-03","abstract_html":"Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T16:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 RAYL-DISSERTATION-2018.pdf: 638396271 bytes, checksum: 497be79271602193af2a8513392b4a32 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4208 bytes, checksum: f4eeada332d7c87f9720dd9a41a99a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-03","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Rayl, Jeremy Michael"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"VMS - Comparative Biosciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Allender, Matthew C.","Ko, CheMyong","Mahoney, Megan","Phillips, Christopher A.","Wellehan, James X.F."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-09-27T16:47:21Z","date_published":"2018-09-27T16:47:21Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:40Z","subjects":["Chelonia","cytokine","innate immune response","radio telemetry"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2018 Jeremy Rayl"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101781","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Allender, Matthew C.","Ko, CheMyong","Mahoney, Megan","Phillips, Christopher A.","Wellehan, James X.F."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Rayl, Jeremy Michael"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2018-09-27T16:47:21Z","2020-09-28T09:15:16Z","2018-07-03","2018-08"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["VMS - Comparative Biosciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Chelonia","cytokine","innate immune response","radio telemetry"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2018 Jeremy Rayl"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101781"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T16:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 RAYL-DISSERTATION-2018.pdf: 638396271 bytes, checksum: 497be79271602193af2a8513392b4a32 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4208 bytes, checksum: f4eeada332d7c87f9720dd9a41a99a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-03","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107882 Lift date: 2020-09-27T16:47:41Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited Restriction Lifted for Item 107882 on 2020-09-28T09:15:16Z.","Chelonians are among the most imperiled vertebrates in the world (Rhodin et al. 2011). Multiple factors contribute to chelonian population declines, including habitat degradation and fragmentation, climate change, and direct anthropogenic effects such as road mortalities and illegal collection for food, medicine, or pet trade (Gibbons 2000). Additionally, disease is playing an increasing role in population stability for many species. However, many cryptic species lack the information concerning disease processes and the overall impacts on population sustainability leading to an inability to inform management decisions. The complex relationships between host, pathogen, and environment need to be investigated to maximize conservation impact. To address deficits in knowledge of chelonian and pathogen dynamics, we designed a cytokine mRNA transcript assay to apply to an experimental challenge study of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) with a highly fatal chelonian pathogen, ranavirus, as well as to a natural population of free-range eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) with a history of ranavirus outbreak. The cytokine qPCR assay was successful for the reference gene, beta actin, as well as the cytokine targets interleukin 1-beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10. These cytokines have previously identified roles in the ectothermic vertebrate immune response, and were evaluated through these studies of red-eared sliders (N=24) and eastern box turtles (N=36) using repeated samples of RNA extracted from isolated buffy coats (N=599). Patterns of transcription for interleukin 1-beta describe the mechanistic timeline for ranaviral disease in the red-eared sliders. Eastern box turtles with evidence of inflammation based on history and hematology also demonstrated an increase in the inflammatory cytokines. Tumor necrosis factor was measured, though at much lower levels and less consistently than interleukin 1-beta. Interleukin-10 was identified in multiple turtles, consistent with a pattern of anti-inflammatory response in control red-eared sliders and in eastern box turtles with histories of chronic conditions. Overall, cytokine mRNA transcription analysis is a valuable tool as a measurement of chelonian host innate immune response to pathogen exposure and infection. Patterns of increased and decreased transcription over time in our experimental and longitudinal field studies provide guidelines for future research. For hematology, patterns of increased heterophil:lymphocyte ratio also describe the mechanistic timeline of ranaviral disease in the red-eared sliders. In the free-ranging eastern box turtles, hematology varied by sex and season. Home range and movement models were applied to quantify this population’s spatial dynamics over two active seasons. Further investigations of chelonian innate immune response should continue to understand the mechanisms of the host-pathogen interaction through the investigation of additional cytokine targets and pathogens. Enhanced spatiotemporal data will help to recognize drivers of these relationships, and offer insight to population management techniques that contribute to captive and wild chelonian population health.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-08-01","The student, Jeremy Rayl, accepted the attached license on 2018-07-02 at 15:03.","The student, Jeremy Rayl, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-07-02 at 15:14.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-07-03 at 13:42.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12705 on 2018-09-27 at 11:34:03"]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Characterizing the chelonian innate immune response through ranaviral challenge and in a natural system"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Allender, Matthew C.","Ko, CheMyong","Mahoney, Megan","Phillips, Christopher A.","Wellehan, James X.F."],"dc:creator":["Rayl, Jeremy Michael"],"dc:date":["2018-09-27T16:47:21Z","2020-09-28T09:15:16Z","2018-07-03","2018-08"],"dc:description":["Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T16:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 RAYL-DISSERTATION-2018.pdf: 638396271 bytes, checksum: 497be79271602193af2a8513392b4a32 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4208 bytes, checksum: f4eeada332d7c87f9720dd9a41a99a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-03","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107882 Lift date: 2020-09-27T16:47:41Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited Restriction Lifted for Item 107882 on 2020-09-28T09:15:16Z.","Chelonians are among the most imperiled vertebrates in the world (Rhodin et al. 2011). Multiple factors contribute to chelonian population declines, including habitat degradation and fragmentation, climate change, and direct anthropogenic effects such as road mortalities and illegal collection for food, medicine, or pet trade (Gibbons 2000). Additionally, disease is playing an increasing role in population stability for many species. However, many cryptic species lack the information concerning disease processes and the overall impacts on population sustainability leading to an inability to inform management decisions. The complex relationships between host, pathogen, and environment need to be investigated to maximize conservation impact. To address deficits in knowledge of chelonian and pathogen dynamics, we designed a cytokine mRNA transcript assay to apply to an experimental challenge study of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) with a highly fatal chelonian pathogen, ranavirus, as well as to a natural population of free-range eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) with a history of ranavirus outbreak. The cytokine qPCR assay was successful for the reference gene, beta actin, as well as the cytokine targets interleukin 1-beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10. These cytokines have previously identified roles in the ectothermic vertebrate immune response, and were evaluated through these studies of red-eared sliders (N=24) and eastern box turtles (N=36) using repeated samples of RNA extracted from isolated buffy coats (N=599). Patterns of transcription for interleukin 1-beta describe the mechanistic timeline for ranaviral disease in the red-eared sliders. Eastern box turtles with evidence of inflammation based on history and hematology also demonstrated an increase in the inflammatory cytokines. Tumor necrosis factor was measured, though at much lower levels and less consistently than interleukin 1-beta. Interleukin-10 was identified in multiple turtles, consistent with a pattern of anti-inflammatory response in control red-eared sliders and in eastern box turtles with histories of chronic conditions. Overall, cytokine mRNA transcription analysis is a valuable tool as a measurement of chelonian host innate immune response to pathogen exposure and infection. Patterns of increased and decreased transcription over time in our experimental and longitudinal field studies provide guidelines for future research. For hematology, patterns of increased heterophil:lymphocyte ratio also describe the mechanistic timeline of ranaviral disease in the red-eared sliders. In the free-ranging eastern box turtles, hematology varied by sex and season. Home range and movement models were applied to quantify this population’s spatial dynamics over two active seasons. Further investigations of chelonian innate immune response should continue to understand the mechanisms of the host-pathogen interaction through the investigation of additional cytokine targets and pathogens. Enhanced spatiotemporal data will help to recognize drivers of these relationships, and offer insight to population management techniques that contribute to captive and wild chelonian population health.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-08-01","The student, Jeremy Rayl, accepted the attached license on 2018-07-02 at 15:03.","The student, Jeremy Rayl, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-07-02 at 15:14.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-07-03 at 13:42.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12705 on 2018-09-27 at 11:34:03"],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101781"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2018 Jeremy Rayl"],"dc:subject":["Chelonia","cytokine","innate immune response","radio telemetry"],"dc:title":["Characterizing the chelonian innate immune response through ranaviral challenge and in a natural system"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["VMS - Comparative Biosciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:40Z"}