{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101365"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101365","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Candidate gene scoring to predict broad adolescent psychopathology","abstract":"This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-04-23 at 10:50.","abstract_html":"This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-04-23 at 10:50.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Schafer, Kathryn Elizabeth"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"M.S.","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Derringer, Jaime L.","Hankin, Benjamin L."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-09-04T20:47:28Z","date_published":"2018-09-04T20:47:28Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:38Z","subjects":["behavior genetics","psychopathology","mental illness","p-factor","genetic risk score","candidate gene"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2018 Kathryn Schafer"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101365","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Derringer, Jaime L.","Hankin, Benjamin L."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Schafer, Kathryn Elizabeth"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2018-09-04T20:47:28Z","2020-09-05T09:15:20Z","2018-04-23","2018-05"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["M.S."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["behavior genetics","psychopathology","mental illness","p-factor","genetic risk score","candidate gene"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2018 Kathryn Schafer"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101365"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-04-23 at 10:50.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12412 on 2018-08-31 at 17:30:15","Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T20:47:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 SCHAFER-THESIS-2018.pdf: 1031552 bytes, checksum: b9f2ba45d55e17652738ca60dc7b4e43 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4214 bytes, checksum: a68736b512c2af03a786d820a38ee56d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107450 Lift date: 2020-09-04T20:47:38Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Candidate gene effects consistently fail to replicate. However, because it is now known that most genetic effects are incredibly minute, samples of the size typically employed in psychological research were undoubtedly too small to detect the effects of individual candidate genes. In addition, research showing strong genetic correlation among mental disorders suggests data on multiple disorders and their symptoms is the most appropriate for uncovering the etiology of mental illness. That is, single gene, single disorder studies are underpowered. We tested whether the combined effect of 121 candidate genes was sufficient to predict psychopathology in a sample of 343 adolescents. A genetic risk score was created with highly precise effect estimates from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 337,199 people. To maximize the strength of this score, we used transdiagnostic p-factor model scores as our measure of psychopathology. The genetic risk scores failed to predict in our sample and were dwarfed by age and gender effects, mirroring the genes’ weak and mostly non-significant results in the GWAS. Our results are most consistent with the view that the candidate gene approach is obsolete. However, modern molecular genetics studies like GWAS currently lack detailed, thorough phenotype measurement. Future work should focus on developing high quality, deeply phenotyped data currently lacking in large consortia efforts.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-05-01","The student, Kathryn Schafer, accepted the attached license on 2018-04-20 at 16:54.","The student, Kathryn Schafer, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2018-04-20 at 17:02.","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107450 Lift date: 2020-09-04T20:50:11Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited Restriction Lifted for Item 107450 on 2020-09-05T09:15:20Z."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Candidate gene scoring to predict broad adolescent psychopathology"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Derringer, Jaime L.","Hankin, Benjamin L."],"dc:creator":["Schafer, Kathryn Elizabeth"],"dc:date":["2018-09-04T20:47:28Z","2020-09-05T09:15:20Z","2018-04-23","2018-05"],"dc:description":["This Thesis was approved for publication on 2018-04-23 at 10:50.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12412 on 2018-08-31 at 17:30:15","Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T20:47:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 SCHAFER-THESIS-2018.pdf: 1031552 bytes, checksum: b9f2ba45d55e17652738ca60dc7b4e43 (MD5) LICENSE.txt: 4214 bytes, checksum: a68736b512c2af03a786d820a38ee56d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107450 Lift date: 2020-09-04T20:47:38Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Candidate gene effects consistently fail to replicate. However, because it is now known that most genetic effects are incredibly minute, samples of the size typically employed in psychological research were undoubtedly too small to detect the effects of individual candidate genes. In addition, research showing strong genetic correlation among mental disorders suggests data on multiple disorders and their symptoms is the most appropriate for uncovering the etiology of mental illness. That is, single gene, single disorder studies are underpowered. We tested whether the combined effect of 121 candidate genes was sufficient to predict psychopathology in a sample of 343 adolescents. A genetic risk score was created with highly precise effect estimates from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 337,199 people. To maximize the strength of this score, we used transdiagnostic p-factor model scores as our measure of psychopathology. The genetic risk scores failed to predict in our sample and were dwarfed by age and gender effects, mirroring the genes’ weak and mostly non-significant results in the GWAS. Our results are most consistent with the view that the candidate gene approach is obsolete. However, modern molecular genetics studies like GWAS currently lack detailed, thorough phenotype measurement. Future work should focus on developing high quality, deeply phenotyped data currently lacking in large consortia efforts.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-05-01","The student, Kathryn Schafer, accepted the attached license on 2018-04-20 at 16:54.","The student, Kathryn Schafer, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2018-04-20 at 17:02.","Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 107450 Lift date: 2020-09-04T20:50:11Z Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD system","Limited Restriction Lifted for Item 107450 on 2020-09-05T09:15:20Z."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101365"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright 2018 Kathryn Schafer"],"dc:subject":["behavior genetics","psychopathology","mental illness","p-factor","genetic risk score","candidate gene"],"dc:title":["Candidate gene scoring to predict broad adolescent psychopathology"],"dc:type":["text"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["M.S."],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:38Z"}