{"id":{"repo_id":"uiuc","oai_identifier":"oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101273"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uiuc/oai:www.ideals.illinois.edu:2142/101273","repository":{"repo_id":"uiuc","name":"University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign","base_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/oai-pmh"},"display":{"title":"Chemistry and stabilization of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline","abstract":"2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is the characterizing aroma compound in aromatic rice, popcorn, Pandan leaf and bread flower. 2AP also contributes to the flavor of a diverse array of other foods, such as roasted nuts, sweet corn, bread crust, lobster and cooked mushrooms. 2AP has a pleasant popcorn or cracker-like aroma and a low odor threshold of 0.1 ppb. However, 2AP is unstable and is quickly lost in cooked foods, such as bread and popcorn. The instability of 2AP was noted along with its discovery in 1982, and, in the following year, it was hypothesized that 2AP may undergo a polymerization process. Much research has been done on 2AP in the intervening years: deducing 2AP’s formation pathway by the Maillard reaction, quantitation in various foods, development of new synthetic routes and attempts towards its stabilization. Despite this appreciable body of research, little has been done to determine the fate of 2AP to date. The current research fills the gap by establishing that 2AP polymerizes with supporting analytical data. To accomplish this, 2AP and its products were measured in water over time by electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Dehydration occurs as polymerization proceeds, producing products with increasing degrees of unsaturation. The structure of 2AP’s hydrated dimer is proposed, along with a possible mechanism for its formation. MS deuterium exchange data and 2D NMR data are used to support this structure. Although numerous attempts have been made to stabilize 2AP, many proposed methods lack storage stability data. Even the more promising techniques require special storage conditions, such as low moisture or reduced temperature storage. In this work, starch complexation was evaluated for 2AP stabilization. The linear portion of starch, amylose, is able to form an α-helix around flavor compounds and other small molecules. The methodology was developed using the structurally similar 2-acetylpyridine (2APy). Complexation time was also reduced from 24 hours to under one hour, to limit the time 2AP is exposed to water, by using the addition of organic solvent and sonication. Complexes were characterized using x-ray diffraction, gas chromatographic analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Loadings of up to 0.504 (±0.071)% 2AP were obtained and over half of the flavorant was retained after 2 weeks storage at 0% relatively humidity. After further development, this approach may offer a viable way to deliver 2AP in finished food products, mimicking the way 2AP is stabilized in nature.","abstract_html":"2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is the characterizing aroma compound in aromatic rice, popcorn, Pandan leaf and bread flower. 2AP also contributes to the flavor of a diverse array of other foods, such as roasted nuts, sweet corn, bread crust, lobster and cooked mushrooms. 2AP has a pleasant popcorn or cracker-like aroma and a low odor threshold of 0.1 ppb. However, 2AP is unstable and is quickly lost in cooked foods, such as bread and popcorn. The instability of 2AP was noted along with its discovery in 1982, and, in the following year, it was hypothesized that 2AP may undergo a polymerization process. Much research has been done on 2AP in the intervening years: deducing 2AP’s formation pathway by the Maillard reaction, quantitation in various foods, development of new synthetic routes and attempts towards its stabilization. Despite this appreciable body of research, little has been done to determine the fate of 2AP to date. The current research fills the gap by establishing that 2AP polymerizes with supporting analytical data. To accomplish this, 2AP and its products were measured in water over time by electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Dehydration occurs as polymerization proceeds, producing products with increasing degrees of unsaturation. The structure of 2AP’s hydrated dimer is proposed, along with a possible mechanism for its formation. MS deuterium exchange data and 2D NMR data are used to support this structure. Although numerous attempts have been made to stabilize 2AP, many proposed methods lack storage stability data. Even the more promising techniques require special storage conditions, such as low moisture or reduced temperature storage. In this work, starch complexation was evaluated for 2AP stabilization. The linear portion of starch, amylose, is able to form an α-helix around flavor compounds and other small molecules. The methodology was developed using the structurally similar 2-acetylpyridine (2APy). Complexation time was also reduced from 24 hours to under one hour, to limit the time 2AP is exposed to water, by using the addition of organic solvent and sonication. Complexes were characterized using x-ray diffraction, gas chromatographic analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Loadings of up to 0.504 (±0.071)% 2AP were obtained and over half of the flavorant was retained after 2 weeks storage at 0% relatively humidity. After further development, this approach may offer a viable way to deliver 2AP in finished food products, mimicking the way 2AP is stabilized in nature.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Hausch, Bethany Jean"],"institution":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Food Science & Human Nutrition","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Cadwallader, Keith","Engeseth, Nicki","Schmidt, Shelly","Sweedler, Jonathan"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-09-04T20:46:54Z","date_published":"2018-09-04T20:46:54Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:24:38Z","subjects":["2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, unstable, polymerization, high resolution mass spectrometry, NMR, 2D NMR, dimer, stable isotope, deuterium exchange, 2-acetylpyridine, 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, starch, complexation, stabilization, x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, amylose inclusion complex"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright 2018 Bethany Hausch"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101273","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Cadwallader, Keith","Engeseth, Nicki","Schmidt, Shelly","Sweedler, Jonathan"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Hausch, Bethany Jean"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2018-09-04T20:46:54Z","2020-09-05T09:15:23Z","2018-04-03","2018-05"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Food Science & Human Nutrition"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, unstable, polymerization, high resolution mass spectrometry, NMR, 2D NMR, dimer, stable isotope, deuterium exchange, 2-acetylpyridine, 2-acetyl-2-thiazoline, starch, complexation, stabilization, x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, amylose inclusion complex"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright 2018 Bethany Hausch"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2142/101273"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is the characterizing aroma compound in aromatic rice, popcorn, Pandan leaf and bread flower. 2AP also contributes to the flavor of a diverse array of other foods, such as roasted nuts, sweet corn, bread crust, lobster and cooked mushrooms. 2AP has a pleasant popcorn or cracker-like aroma and a low odor threshold of 0.1 ppb. However, 2AP is unstable and is quickly lost in cooked foods, such as bread and popcorn. The instability of 2AP was noted along with its discovery in 1982, and, in the following year, it was hypothesized that 2AP may undergo a polymerization process. Much research has been done on 2AP in the intervening years: deducing 2AP’s formation pathway by the Maillard reaction, quantitation in various foods, development of new synthetic routes and attempts towards its stabilization. Despite this appreciable body of research, little has been done to determine the fate of 2AP to date. The current research fills the gap by establishing that 2AP polymerizes with supporting analytical data. To accomplish this, 2AP and its products were measured in water over time by electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Dehydration occurs as polymerization proceeds, producing products with increasing degrees of unsaturation. The structure of 2AP’s hydrated dimer is proposed, along with a possible mechanism for its formation. MS deuterium exchange data and 2D NMR data are used to support this structure. Although numerous attempts have been made to stabilize 2AP, many proposed methods lack storage stability data. Even the more promising techniques require special storage conditions, such as low moisture or reduced temperature storage. In this work, starch complexation was evaluated for 2AP stabilization. The linear portion of starch, amylose, is able to form an α-helix around flavor compounds and other small molecules. The methodology was developed using the structurally similar 2-acetylpyridine (2APy). Complexation time was also reduced from 24 hours to under one hour, to limit the time 2AP is exposed to water, by using the addition of organic solvent and sonication. Complexes were characterized using x-ray diffraction, gas chromatographic analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Loadings of up to 0.504 (±0.071)% 2AP were obtained and over half of the flavorant was retained after 2 weeks storage at 0% relatively humidity. After further development, this approach may offer a viable way to deliver 2AP in finished food products, mimicking the way 2AP is stabilized in nature.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-05-01","The student, Bethany Hausch, accepted the attached license on 2018-03-30 at 16:34.","The student, Bethany Hausch, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-03-30 at 16:49.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-04-03 at 09:15.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12103 on 2018-08-31 at 17:25:43","Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T20:46:54Z (GMT). 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However, 2AP is unstable and is quickly lost in cooked foods, such as bread and popcorn. The instability of 2AP was noted along with its discovery in 1982, and, in the following year, it was hypothesized that 2AP may undergo a polymerization process. Much research has been done on 2AP in the intervening years: deducing 2AP’s formation pathway by the Maillard reaction, quantitation in various foods, development of new synthetic routes and attempts towards its stabilization. Despite this appreciable body of research, little has been done to determine the fate of 2AP to date. The current research fills the gap by establishing that 2AP polymerizes with supporting analytical data. To accomplish this, 2AP and its products were measured in water over time by electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Dehydration occurs as polymerization proceeds, producing products with increasing degrees of unsaturation. The structure of 2AP’s hydrated dimer is proposed, along with a possible mechanism for its formation. MS deuterium exchange data and 2D NMR data are used to support this structure. Although numerous attempts have been made to stabilize 2AP, many proposed methods lack storage stability data. Even the more promising techniques require special storage conditions, such as low moisture or reduced temperature storage. In this work, starch complexation was evaluated for 2AP stabilization. The linear portion of starch, amylose, is able to form an α-helix around flavor compounds and other small molecules. The methodology was developed using the structurally similar 2-acetylpyridine (2APy). Complexation time was also reduced from 24 hours to under one hour, to limit the time 2AP is exposed to water, by using the addition of organic solvent and sonication. Complexes were characterized using x-ray diffraction, gas chromatographic analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Loadings of up to 0.504 (±0.071)% 2AP were obtained and over half of the flavorant was retained after 2 weeks storage at 0% relatively humidity. After further development, this approach may offer a viable way to deliver 2AP in finished food products, mimicking the way 2AP is stabilized in nature.","Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2020-05-01","The student, Bethany Hausch, accepted the attached license on 2018-03-30 at 16:34.","The student, Bethany Hausch, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2018-03-30 at 16:49.","This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2018-04-03 at 09:15.","DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #12103 on 2018-08-31 at 17:25:43","Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T20:46:54Z (GMT). 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