{"id":{"repo_id":"uic","oai_identifier":"oai:figshare.com:article/31451920"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/uic/oai:figshare.com:article/31451920","repository":{"repo_id":"uic","name":"University of Illinois - Chicago","base_url":"https://api.figshare.com/v2/oai"},"display":{"title":"Investigating the Effects of Ethnic/Racial Identity on ADHD and Comorbid Psychopathology","abstract":"Ethnic Racial Identity (ERI) reflects individuals’ beliefs and attitudes towards their ethnic-racial group and comprises of three dimensions: affirmation, resolution, and exploration (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004). ERI has been observed to contribute to mental health outcomes; however, little is known about how ERI dimensions contribute to such outcomes among students with ADHD symptoms. The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, weekly alcohol consumption, and dimensions of ERI. It is hypothesized that 1) ADHD will predict depression and weekly drinking, 2) each ERI dimension will uniquely predict these outcomes, 3) ERI dimensions will uniquely moderate the association between ADHD symptoms and outcomes, and 4) we will explore if these associations vary across universities. Data was collected via a cross-sectional study of college students across eight universities in the United States. Students who identify as an ethnic racial minority (ERM) were included in the analyses. The study utilized a mixed-effects negative binomial regression with zero inflation to investigate the interactive effects between ADHD symptoms and three ERI dimensions on depressive symptoms and weekly alcohol consumption. The conditional model yielded a significant moderating effect of ERI affirmation on the association between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms, IRR= 0.99, p < .001, suggesting that affirmation buffers this association. Exploration and resolution dimensions did not moderate this link. However, in the zero-inflation component, ERI exploration increased the likelihood of being in the always zero group (i.e., having no depression symptoms), IRR = 1.30, p = 0.008, while ERI resolution decreased the probability, IRR = 0.40, p < .001. No associations or interactions were observed when the number of drinks consumed was the outcome. These results provide evidence that elements of ethnic racial identity can play a role in the link between ADHD and depression symptoms among college students in the U.S. (i.e., exploration, affirmation), whereas others might exacerbate that risk (i.e., resolution). These results support the utility of considering ethnic racial identity in ADHD interventions for college students. Future research should explore how these dimensions of identity shape the experience of ADHD among ERM college students.","abstract_html":"Ethnic Racial Identity (ERI) reflects individuals’ beliefs and attitudes towards their ethnic-racial group and comprises of three dimensions: affirmation, resolution, and exploration (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004). ERI has been observed to contribute to mental health outcomes; however, little is known about how ERI dimensions contribute to such outcomes among students with ADHD symptoms. The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, weekly alcohol consumption, and dimensions of ERI. It is hypothesized that 1) ADHD will predict depression and weekly drinking, 2) each ERI dimension will uniquely predict these outcomes, 3) ERI dimensions will uniquely moderate the association between ADHD symptoms and outcomes, and 4) we will explore if these associations vary across universities. Data was collected via a cross-sectional study of college students across eight universities in the United States. Students who identify as an ethnic racial minority (ERM) were included in the analyses. The study utilized a mixed-effects negative binomial regression with zero inflation to investigate the interactive effects between ADHD symptoms and three ERI dimensions on depressive symptoms and weekly alcohol consumption. The conditional model yielded a significant moderating effect of ERI affirmation on the association between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms, IRR= 0.99, p &lt; .001, suggesting that affirmation buffers this association. Exploration and resolution dimensions did not moderate this link. However, in the zero-inflation component, ERI exploration increased the likelihood of being in the always zero group (i.e., having no depression symptoms), IRR = 1.30, p = 0.008, while ERI resolution decreased the probability, IRR = 0.40, p &lt; .001. No associations or interactions were observed when the number of drinks consumed was the outcome. These results provide evidence that elements of ethnic racial identity can play a role in the link between ADHD and depression symptoms among college students in the U.S. (i.e., exploration, affirmation), whereas others might exacerbate that risk (i.e., resolution). These results support the utility of considering ethnic racial identity in ADHD interventions for college students. Future research should explore how these dimensions of identity shape the experience of ADHD among ERM college students.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Carlos Rolando Melendez Jr. (23292157)"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2025,"date_issued":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","date_published":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T21:34:34Z","subjects":["College Students"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright","Open Access after 2028-01-01"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.25417/uic.31451920.v1","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Carlos Rolando Melendez Jr. (23292157)"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2025-12-01T00:00:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:relation","label":"Dc Relation","values":["https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Investigating_the_Effects_of_Ethnic_Racial_Identity_on_ADHD_and_Comorbid_Psychopathology/31451920"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Text","Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["College Students"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright","Open Access after 2028-01-01"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["10.25417/uic.31451920.v1"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Ethnic Racial Identity (ERI) reflects individuals’ beliefs and attitudes towards their ethnic-racial group and comprises of three dimensions: affirmation, resolution, and exploration (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004). ERI has been observed to contribute to mental health outcomes; however, little is known about how ERI dimensions contribute to such outcomes among students with ADHD symptoms. The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, weekly alcohol consumption, and dimensions of ERI. It is hypothesized that 1) ADHD will predict depression and weekly drinking, 2) each ERI dimension will uniquely predict these outcomes, 3) ERI dimensions will uniquely moderate the association between ADHD symptoms and outcomes, and 4) we will explore if these associations vary across universities. Data was collected via a cross-sectional study of college students across eight universities in the United States. Students who identify as an ethnic racial minority (ERM) were included in the analyses. The study utilized a mixed-effects negative binomial regression with zero inflation to investigate the interactive effects between ADHD symptoms and three ERI dimensions on depressive symptoms and weekly alcohol consumption. The conditional model yielded a significant moderating effect of ERI affirmation on the association between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms, IRR= 0.99, p < .001, suggesting that affirmation buffers this association. Exploration and resolution dimensions did not moderate this link. However, in the zero-inflation component, ERI exploration increased the likelihood of being in the always zero group (i.e., having no depression symptoms), IRR = 1.30, p = 0.008, while ERI resolution decreased the probability, IRR = 0.40, p < .001. No associations or interactions were observed when the number of drinks consumed was the outcome. These results provide evidence that elements of ethnic racial identity can play a role in the link between ADHD and depression symptoms among college students in the U.S. (i.e., exploration, affirmation), whereas others might exacerbate that risk (i.e., resolution). These results support the utility of considering ethnic racial identity in ADHD interventions for college students. Future research should explore how these dimensions of identity shape the experience of ADHD among ERM college students."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Investigating the Effects of Ethnic/Racial Identity on ADHD and Comorbid Psychopathology"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Carlos Rolando Melendez Jr. (23292157)"],"dc:date":["2025-12-01T00:00:00Z"],"dc:description":["Ethnic Racial Identity (ERI) reflects individuals’ beliefs and attitudes towards their ethnic-racial group and comprises of three dimensions: affirmation, resolution, and exploration (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2004). ERI has been observed to contribute to mental health outcomes; however, little is known about how ERI dimensions contribute to such outcomes among students with ADHD symptoms. The purpose of the present study is to explore the associations between ADHD symptoms, depressive symptoms, weekly alcohol consumption, and dimensions of ERI. It is hypothesized that 1) ADHD will predict depression and weekly drinking, 2) each ERI dimension will uniquely predict these outcomes, 3) ERI dimensions will uniquely moderate the association between ADHD symptoms and outcomes, and 4) we will explore if these associations vary across universities. Data was collected via a cross-sectional study of college students across eight universities in the United States. Students who identify as an ethnic racial minority (ERM) were included in the analyses. The study utilized a mixed-effects negative binomial regression with zero inflation to investigate the interactive effects between ADHD symptoms and three ERI dimensions on depressive symptoms and weekly alcohol consumption. The conditional model yielded a significant moderating effect of ERI affirmation on the association between ADHD symptoms and depressive symptoms, IRR= 0.99, p < .001, suggesting that affirmation buffers this association. Exploration and resolution dimensions did not moderate this link. However, in the zero-inflation component, ERI exploration increased the likelihood of being in the always zero group (i.e., having no depression symptoms), IRR = 1.30, p = 0.008, while ERI resolution decreased the probability, IRR = 0.40, p < .001. No associations or interactions were observed when the number of drinks consumed was the outcome. These results provide evidence that elements of ethnic racial identity can play a role in the link between ADHD and depression symptoms among college students in the U.S. (i.e., exploration, affirmation), whereas others might exacerbate that risk (i.e., resolution). These results support the utility of considering ethnic racial identity in ADHD interventions for college students. Future research should explore how these dimensions of identity shape the experience of ADHD among ERM college students."],"dc:identifier":["10.25417/uic.31451920.v1"],"dc:relation":["https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Investigating_the_Effects_of_Ethnic_Racial_Identity_on_ADHD_and_Comorbid_Psychopathology/31451920"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright","Open Access after 2028-01-01"],"dc:subject":["College Students"],"dc:title":["Investigating the Effects of Ethnic/Racial Identity on ADHD and Comorbid Psychopathology"],"dc:type":["Text","Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T21:34:34Z"}