Calcium-activated small conductance potassium channels (SK) are crucial for synaptic plasticity, sleep, and learning and memory (Hammond, Bond et al. 2006; Cueni, Canepari et al. 2008; Lin, Lujan et al. 2008). Despite the recent progress on SK channel physiology, the precise spatial organization of SK channels in neurons has remained unknown. Such knowledge is critical as the subcellular distribution of SK channels is an important determinant of neuronal excitability. Currently, there are no techniques to image ion channel distribution quantitatively at the nanometer scale in living cells. Here, it is demonstrated that integration of natural toxins with single molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the mapping of native SK channels in living cells. By measuring the adhesive forces between cell surface expressed SK channels and apamin, a toxin that specifically binds to SK channels, it was found that SK channels are spatially organized in nanodomains of one to three channels. It is also shown that SK channel distribution in pyramidal neurons is polarized, increasing by 40 fold between the soma and dendrites. Additionally, the SK channel dendritic maps are dynamic under the control of the cAMP second messenger cascade. Together, our study demonstrates that integration of pharmacology with single molecule AFM allows to quantitatively reveal ion channel distribution in living cells thus providing a new tool for the study of ion channels and receptors in cell physiology.
","abstract_html":"<p>Calcium-activated small conductance potassium channels (SK) are crucial for synaptic plasticity, sleep, and learning and memory (Hammond, Bond et al. 2006; Cueni, Canepari et al. 2008; Lin, Lujan et al. 2008). Despite the recent progress on SK channel physiology, the precise spatial organization of SK channels in neurons has remained unknown. Such knowledge is critical as the subcellular distribution of SK channels is an important determinant of neuronal excitability. Currently, there are no techniques to image ion channel distribution quantitatively at the nanometer scale in living cells. Here, it is demonstrated that integration of natural toxins with single molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the mapping of native SK channels in living cells. By measuring the adhesive forces between cell surface expressed SK channels and apamin, a toxin that specifically binds to SK channels, it was found that SK channels are spatially organized in nanodomains of one to three channels. It is also shown that SK channel distribution in pyramidal neurons is polarized, increasing by 40 fold between the soma and dendrites. Additionally, the SK channel dendritic maps are dynamic under the control of the cAMP second messenger cascade. Together, our study demonstrates that integration of pharmacology with single molecule AFM allows to quantitatively reveal ion channel distribution in living cells thus providing a new tool for the study of ion channels and receptors in cell physiology.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Maciaszek, Jamie L"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Biomedical Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Anastasios V. Tzingounis, Wei Sun","George Lykotrafitis"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-04-20T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-04-20T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:31:50Z","subjects":["calcium-activated potassium channels","SK channels","atomic force microscopy","apamin","hippocampus"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/237","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Anastasios V. Tzingounis, Wei Sun","George Lykotrafitis"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Maciaszek, Jamie L"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2012-04-20T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Biomedical Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["calcium-activated potassium channels","SK channels","atomic force microscopy","apamin","hippocampus"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/237"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Calcium-activated small conductance potassium channels (SK) are crucial for synaptic plasticity, sleep, and learning and memory (Hammond, Bond et al. 2006; Cueni, Canepari et al. 2008; Lin, Lujan et al. 2008). Despite the recent progress on SK channel physiology, the precise spatial organization of SK channels in neurons has remained unknown. Such knowledge is critical as the subcellular distribution of SK channels is an important determinant of neuronal excitability. Currently, there are no techniques to image ion channel distribution quantitatively at the nanometer scale in living cells. Here, it is demonstrated that integration of natural toxins with single molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the mapping of native SK channels in living cells. By measuring the adhesive forces between cell surface expressed SK channels and apamin, a toxin that specifically binds to SK channels, it was found that SK channels are spatially organized in nanodomains of one to three channels. It is also shown that SK channel distribution in pyramidal neurons is polarized, increasing by 40 fold between the soma and dendrites. Additionally, the SK channel dendritic maps are dynamic under the control of the cAMP second messenger cascade. Together, our study demonstrates that integration of pharmacology with single molecule AFM allows to quantitatively reveal ion channel distribution in living cells thus providing a new tool for the study of ion channels and receptors in cell physiology.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Detection of SK2 Channels on Hippocampal Neurons"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Anastasios V. Tzingounis, Wei Sun","George Lykotrafitis"],"dc:creator":["Maciaszek, Jamie L"],"dc:date.available":["2012-04-20T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Calcium-activated small conductance potassium channels (SK) are crucial for synaptic plasticity, sleep, and learning and memory (Hammond, Bond et al. 2006; Cueni, Canepari et al. 2008; Lin, Lujan et al. 2008). Despite the recent progress on SK channel physiology, the precise spatial organization of SK channels in neurons has remained unknown. Such knowledge is critical as the subcellular distribution of SK channels is an important determinant of neuronal excitability. Currently, there are no techniques to image ion channel distribution quantitatively at the nanometer scale in living cells. Here, it is demonstrated that integration of natural toxins with single molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the mapping of native SK channels in living cells. By measuring the adhesive forces between cell surface expressed SK channels and apamin, a toxin that specifically binds to SK channels, it was found that SK channels are spatially organized in nanodomains of one to three channels. It is also shown that SK channel distribution in pyramidal neurons is polarized, increasing by 40 fold between the soma and dendrites. Additionally, the SK channel dendritic maps are dynamic under the control of the cAMP second messenger cascade. Together, our study demonstrates that integration of pharmacology with single molecule AFM allows to quantitatively reveal ion channel distribution in living cells thus providing a new tool for the study of ion channels and receptors in cell physiology.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/gs_theses/237"],"dc:subject":["calcium-activated potassium channels","SK channels","atomic force microscopy","apamin","hippocampus"],"dc:title":["Detection of SK2 Channels on Hippocampal Neurons"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Biomedical Engineering"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T06:31:50Z"}