The Effect Of Free Chlorine And Chloramines On Lead Release In A Distribution System

Total lead release in drinking water in the presence of free chlorine and chloramine residuals was investigated in field, laboratory and fundamental investigations for finished waters produced from ground (GW), surface (SW), saline (RO) and blended (B) sources. Field investigations found more total lead was released in the presence of chloramines than in the presence of free chlorine for RO and blended finished waters; however, there were no statistical differences in total lead release to finished GW and SW. Laboratory measurements of finished waters oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were equivalent by source and were not affected by the addition of more than 100 mg/L of sulfates or chlorides, but were significantly higher in the presence of free chlorine relative to chloramines. Development of Pourbaix diagrams revealed the PbO2 was the controlling solid phase at the higher ORP in the presence of free chlorine and Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2(s) (hydrocerussite) was the controlling solid phase in the presence of chloramines at the lower ORP, which mechanistically accounted for the observed release of total lead as PbO2 is much less soluble than hydrocerussite. The lack of differences in total lead release to finished GW and SW was attributed to differences in water quality and intermittent behavior of particulate release from controlling solid films.

Author dc:creator

• Vasquez, Ferdinand

Contributors dc:contributor

• Taylor, James S.

• Lead release
• drinking water
• distribution system
• chlorine
• chloramines
• ORP
• water quality
• Pourbaix diagrams
• Engineering
• Environmental Engineering

Language dc:language

English

Identifier

CFE0000533

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:etd-1410