{"id":{"repo_id":"twu","oai_identifier":"oai:twu-ir.tdl.org:11274/3642"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/twu/oai:twu-ir.tdl.org:11274/3642","repository":{"repo_id":"twu","name":"Texas Woman's University","base_url":"https://twu-ir.tdl.org/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Benford's law and humanly generated prices in auction houses and buyout systems of virtual worlds","abstract":"The purpose of this study was to analyze the buyout, or "buy now," prices in auction houses of virtual environments, such as World of Warcraft and Guild Wars 2. Human players interact with an auction house user interface in order to buy or sell in-game items, purchasable with in-game currency. Players wishing to sell items can post their items on the auction house for set lengths of time, as well as set a starting bid amount and/or an amount in which other players can instantly buy the item. Since the establishment of Benford's Law, it has been supported that data generated by humans typically does not follow Benford's Law, proving to be a beneficial tool in detecting fraudulent accounting data. However, this study shows that the leading significant digits of these buyout prices in virtual environments created by humans follow Benford's Law by utilizing Kuiper's goodness of fit V_n test, a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.","abstract_html":"The purpose of this study was to analyze the buyout, or "buy now," prices in auction houses of virtual environments, such as World of Warcraft and Guild Wars 2. Human players interact with an auction house user interface in order to buy or sell in-game items, purchasable with in-game currency. Players wishing to sell items can post their items on the auction house for set lengths of time, as well as set a starting bid amount and/or an amount in which other players can instantly buy the item. Since the establishment of Benford's Law, it has been supported that data generated by humans typically does not follow Benford's Law, proving to be a beneficial tool in detecting fraudulent accounting data. However, this study shows that the leading significant digits of these buyout prices in virtual environments created by humans follow Benford's Law by utilizing Kuiper's goodness of fit V_n test, a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Endress, Megan Brooke"],"institution":"Texas Woman's University","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Master","degree_discipline":"Mathematics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":["Marshall, David"],"committee_members":["Falley, Brandi","Wheeler, Ann"],"year":2014,"date_issued":"1/1/2014","date_published":"1/1/2014","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:04:55Z","subjects":["Statistics","Mathematics","Auction","Benford","Kuiper","Newcomb","Virtual","Warcraft"],"languages":["en_US"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11274/3642","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.committeechair","label":"Committee Chair","values":["Marshall, David"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Falley, Brandi","Wheeler, Ann"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Endress, Megan Brooke"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2014-12-10T19:19:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2014-12-10T19:19:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["1/1/2014"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Mathematics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Master"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Texas Woman's University"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Statistics","Mathematics","Auction","Benford","Kuiper","Newcomb","Virtual","Warcraft"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en_US"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/11274/3642"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The purpose of this study was to analyze the buyout, or "buy now," prices in auction houses of virtual environments, such as World of Warcraft and Guild Wars 2. Human players interact with an auction house user interface in order to buy or sell in-game items, purchasable with in-game currency. Players wishing to sell items can post their items on the auction house for set lengths of time, as well as set a starting bid amount and/or an amount in which other players can instantly buy the item. Since the establishment of Benford's Law, it has been supported that data generated by humans typically does not follow Benford's Law, proving to be a beneficial tool in detecting fraudulent accounting data. However, this study shows that the leading significant digits of these buyout prices in virtual environments created by humans follow Benford's Law by utilizing Kuiper's goodness of fit V_n test, a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Benford's law and humanly generated prices in auction houses and buyout systems of virtual worlds"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.committeechair":["Marshall, David"],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Falley, Brandi","Wheeler, Ann"],"dc:creator":["Endress, Megan Brooke"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2014-12-10T19:19:00Z"],"dc:date.available":["2014-12-10T19:19:00Z"],"dc:date.issued":["1/1/2014"],"dc:description.abstract":["The purpose of this study was to analyze the buyout, or "buy now," prices in auction houses of virtual environments, such as World of Warcraft and Guild Wars 2. Human players interact with an auction house user interface in order to buy or sell in-game items, purchasable with in-game currency. Players wishing to sell items can post their items on the auction house for set lengths of time, as well as set a starting bid amount and/or an amount in which other players can instantly buy the item. Since the establishment of Benford's Law, it has been supported that data generated by humans typically does not follow Benford's Law, proving to be a beneficial tool in detecting fraudulent accounting data. However, this study shows that the leading significant digits of these buyout prices in virtual environments created by humans follow Benford's Law by utilizing Kuiper's goodness of fit V_n test, a modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov test."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/11274/3642"],"dc:language.iso":["en_US"],"dc:subject":["Statistics","Mathematics","Auction","Benford","Kuiper","Newcomb","Virtual","Warcraft"],"dc:title":["Benford's law and humanly generated prices in auction houses and buyout systems of virtual worlds"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Mathematics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Master"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["Texas Woman's University"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:04:55Z"}