Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a predominant proinflammatory regulator that plays pivotal roles in regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It fosters an inflammation-enriched microenvironment that facilitates angiogenesis and immune evasion. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a lethal pediatric malignancy. PGE2 has been reported to promote high-risk NB proliferation and progression. However, the PGE2 receptor subtype (EP1-EP4) which potentially contributed to NB growth remained elusive. In this research, at first, we demonstrated that EP2 receptor was highly correlated with NB aggressiveness, and acted as a predominant Gαs-coupled receptor mediating PGE2-initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NB cells with high-risk factors, including chromosome 11q deletion and MYCN amplification. CRISPR/Cas9 induced EP2 knockout blocked the development of NB xenografts in athymic nude mice. Additionally, EP2 conditional knockdown prevented established tumors from progressing in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by our recently developed antagonist TG6-129 substantially suppressed the NB tumor growth in both nude mice and syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, with the observable anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and apoptotic effects. Next, based on the scaffold of TG6-129, we developed, and identified a novel robust EP2 antagonizing compound GLL-618. GLL-618 demonstrated enhanced EP2 binding potency. Meanwhile, it also showed advanced pharmacokinetic features such as prolonged plasma half-life and im-proved bioavailability. Applied as a single treatment reagent, GLL-618 could significantly inhibited high-risk NB neuro-spheres development and suppressed high-risk NB xenograft tumors growth by 50%. Subsequently, we combined GLL-618 with vincristine, a prevalently used chemotherapy drug for the treatment of high-risk NB. GLL-618 could synergistically increase the anti-tumor effect of vincristine, which was evidenced by an overall 70% tumor weight reduction at the treatment endpoint in an immunocompetent allograft model, accompanied with quenched proinflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment and elevated expression of apoptotic markers. In conclusion, this study suggested that the PGE2/EP2 signaling pathway might contribute to NB development and progression. EP2 inhibition with our drug-like compounds could be potentially applied as an alternative, and adjunctive treatment strategy for this deadly pediatric cancer.
","abstract_html":"<p>Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a predominant proinflammatory regulator that plays pivotal roles in regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It fosters an inflammation-enriched microenvironment that facilitates angiogenesis and immune evasion. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a lethal pediatric malignancy. PGE2 has been reported to promote high-risk NB proliferation and progression. However, the PGE2 receptor subtype (EP1-EP4) which potentially contributed to NB growth remained elusive. In this research, at first, we demonstrated that EP2 receptor was highly correlated with NB aggressiveness, and acted as a predominant Gαs-coupled receptor mediating PGE2-initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NB cells with high-risk factors, including chromosome 11q deletion and MYCN amplification. CRISPR/Cas9 induced EP2 knockout blocked the development of NB xenografts in athymic nude mice. Additionally, EP2 conditional knockdown prevented established tumors from progressing in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by our recently developed antagonist TG6-129 substantially suppressed the NB tumor growth in both nude mice and syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, with the observable anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and apoptotic effects. Next, based on the scaffold of TG6-129, we developed, and identified a novel robust EP2 antagonizing compound GLL-618. GLL-618 demonstrated enhanced EP2 binding potency. Meanwhile, it also showed advanced pharmacokinetic features such as prolonged plasma half-life and im-proved bioavailability. Applied as a single treatment reagent, GLL-618 could significantly inhibited high-risk NB neuro-spheres development and suppressed high-risk NB xenograft tumors growth by 50%. Subsequently, we combined GLL-618 with vincristine, a prevalently used chemotherapy drug for the treatment of high-risk NB. GLL-618 could synergistically increase the anti-tumor effect of vincristine, which was evidenced by an overall 70% tumor weight reduction at the treatment endpoint in an immunocompetent allograft model, accompanied with quenched proinflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment and elevated expression of apoptotic markers. In conclusion, this study suggested that the PGE2/EP2 signaling pathway might contribute to NB development and progression. EP2 inhibition with our drug-like compounds could be potentially applied as an alternative, and adjunctive treatment strategy for this deadly pediatric cancer.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Hou, Ruida"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Pharmaceutical Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Jianxiong Jiang, PhD"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023-03-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2023-03-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:00:53Z","subjects":["Pediatric Cancer","Tumor Inflammation","Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment","Diseases","Investigative Techniques","Medicine and Health Sciences","Neoplasms","Pharmaceutics and Drug Design","Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations/629","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Jianxiong Jiang, PhD"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Hou, Ruida"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2027-03-28T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Pharmaceutical Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Pediatric Cancer","Tumor Inflammation","Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment","Diseases","Investigative Techniques","Medicine and Health Sciences","Neoplasms","Pharmaceutics and Drug Design","Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations/629"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a predominant proinflammatory regulator that plays pivotal roles in regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It fosters an inflammation-enriched microenvironment that facilitates angiogenesis and immune evasion. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a lethal pediatric malignancy. PGE2 has been reported to promote high-risk NB proliferation and progression. However, the PGE2 receptor subtype (EP1-EP4) which potentially contributed to NB growth remained elusive. In this research, at first, we demonstrated that EP2 receptor was highly correlated with NB aggressiveness, and acted as a predominant Gαs-coupled receptor mediating PGE2-initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NB cells with high-risk factors, including chromosome 11q deletion and MYCN amplification. CRISPR/Cas9 induced EP2 knockout blocked the development of NB xenografts in athymic nude mice. Additionally, EP2 conditional knockdown prevented established tumors from progressing in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by our recently developed antagonist TG6-129 substantially suppressed the NB tumor growth in both nude mice and syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, with the observable anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and apoptotic effects. Next, based on the scaffold of TG6-129, we developed, and identified a novel robust EP2 antagonizing compound GLL-618. GLL-618 demonstrated enhanced EP2 binding potency. Meanwhile, it also showed advanced pharmacokinetic features such as prolonged plasma half-life and im-proved bioavailability. Applied as a single treatment reagent, GLL-618 could significantly inhibited high-risk NB neuro-spheres development and suppressed high-risk NB xenograft tumors growth by 50%. Subsequently, we combined GLL-618 with vincristine, a prevalently used chemotherapy drug for the treatment of high-risk NB. GLL-618 could synergistically increase the anti-tumor effect of vincristine, which was evidenced by an overall 70% tumor weight reduction at the treatment endpoint in an immunocompetent allograft model, accompanied with quenched proinflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment and elevated expression of apoptotic markers. In conclusion, this study suggested that the PGE2/EP2 signaling pathway might contribute to NB development and progression. EP2 inhibition with our drug-like compounds could be potentially applied as an alternative, and adjunctive treatment strategy for this deadly pediatric cancer.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Targeting Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP2 for Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Jianxiong Jiang, PhD"],"dc:creator":["Hou, Ruida"],"dc:date.available":["2027-03-28T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a predominant proinflammatory regulator that plays pivotal roles in regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It fosters an inflammation-enriched microenvironment that facilitates angiogenesis and immune evasion. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a lethal pediatric malignancy. PGE2 has been reported to promote high-risk NB proliferation and progression. However, the PGE2 receptor subtype (EP1-EP4) which potentially contributed to NB growth remained elusive. In this research, at first, we demonstrated that EP2 receptor was highly correlated with NB aggressiveness, and acted as a predominant Gαs-coupled receptor mediating PGE2-initiated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NB cells with high-risk factors, including chromosome 11q deletion and MYCN amplification. CRISPR/Cas9 induced EP2 knockout blocked the development of NB xenografts in athymic nude mice. Additionally, EP2 conditional knockdown prevented established tumors from progressing in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of EP2 by our recently developed antagonist TG6-129 substantially suppressed the NB tumor growth in both nude mice and syngeneic immunocompetent hosts, with the observable anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and apoptotic effects. Next, based on the scaffold of TG6-129, we developed, and identified a novel robust EP2 antagonizing compound GLL-618. GLL-618 demonstrated enhanced EP2 binding potency. Meanwhile, it also showed advanced pharmacokinetic features such as prolonged plasma half-life and im-proved bioavailability. Applied as a single treatment reagent, GLL-618 could significantly inhibited high-risk NB neuro-spheres development and suppressed high-risk NB xenograft tumors growth by 50%. Subsequently, we combined GLL-618 with vincristine, a prevalently used chemotherapy drug for the treatment of high-risk NB. GLL-618 could synergistically increase the anti-tumor effect of vincristine, which was evidenced by an overall 70% tumor weight reduction at the treatment endpoint in an immunocompetent allograft model, accompanied with quenched proinflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment and elevated expression of apoptotic markers. In conclusion, this study suggested that the PGE2/EP2 signaling pathway might contribute to NB development and progression. EP2 inhibition with our drug-like compounds could be potentially applied as an alternative, and adjunctive treatment strategy for this deadly pediatric cancer.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations/629"],"dc:subject":["Pediatric Cancer","Tumor Inflammation","Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment","Diseases","Investigative Techniques","Medicine and Health Sciences","Neoplasms","Pharmaceutics and Drug Design","Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"dc:title":["Targeting Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP2 for Treatment of High-Risk Neuroblastoma"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T05:00:53Z"}