Students at all grade levels in the United States are experiencing significant difficulties in the area of written expression (Salahu-Din, Persky, & Miller, 2008; U.S. Department of Education, 2012). Although performance feedback is an effective evidence-based intervention for improving the writing fluency of elementary-aged students, approximately one-third do not exhibit fluency growth (Eckert et al. 2006, 2008). The transcription skill of handwriting is a prerequisite of skilled writing (Berninger et al., 2002) and interventions to improve handwriting have concurrent positive effects on writing fluency (Berninger et al., 1997; Graham et al., 2000). Transcription skills influence the writing fluency of younger students (Graham et al., 1997; Limpo & Alves, 2013). Additionally gender influences writing fluency, with female students outperforming male students on measures of both handwriting and writing fluency (Malecki & Jewell, 2003; Olinghouse 2008). The goal of the proposed study was to determine whether third-grade students’ (n = 74) transcriptional skills and gender predicted their writing fluency growth in response to a performance feedback intervention. As hypothesized, handwriting skill accounted for some variance in writing fluency growth; however, gender did not. Students who did not respond to the intervention exhibited lower baseline writing fluency and were more likely to be male. Considerations for instruction in basic writing skills and improving the effectiveness of writing interventions are discussed.
","abstract_html":"<p>Students at all grade levels in the United States are experiencing significant difficulties in the area of written expression (Salahu-Din, Persky, & Miller, 2008; U.S. Department of Education, 2012). Although performance feedback is an effective evidence-based intervention for improving the writing fluency of elementary-aged students, approximately one-third do not exhibit fluency growth (Eckert et al. 2006, 2008). The transcription skill of handwriting is a prerequisite of skilled writing (Berninger et al., 2002) and interventions to improve handwriting have concurrent positive effects on writing fluency (Berninger et al., 1997; Graham et al., 2000). Transcription skills influence the writing fluency of younger students (Graham et al., 1997; Limpo & Alves, 2013). Additionally gender influences writing fluency, with female students outperforming male students on measures of both handwriting and writing fluency (Malecki & Jewell, 2003; Olinghouse 2008). The goal of the proposed study was to determine whether third-grade students’ (n = 74) transcriptional skills and gender predicted their writing fluency growth in response to a performance feedback intervention. As hypothesized, handwriting skill accounted for some variance in writing fluency growth; however, gender did not. Students who did not respond to the intervention exhibited lower baseline writing fluency and were more likely to be male. Considerations for instruction in basic writing skills and improving the effectiveness of writing interventions are discussed.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Alvis, Alisa Viola"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Tanya L. Eckert"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-05-12T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2019-05-12T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:55:37Z","subjects":["gender","handwriting","intervention response","performance feedback","writing fluency","written expression","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://surface.syr.edu/etd/1040","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Tanya L. Eckert"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Alvis, Alisa Viola"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["gender","handwriting","intervention response","performance feedback","writing fluency","written expression","Social and Behavioral Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://surface.syr.edu/etd/1040"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Students at all grade levels in the United States are experiencing significant difficulties in the area of written expression (Salahu-Din, Persky, & Miller, 2008; U.S. Department of Education, 2012). Although performance feedback is an effective evidence-based intervention for improving the writing fluency of elementary-aged students, approximately one-third do not exhibit fluency growth (Eckert et al. 2006, 2008). The transcription skill of handwriting is a prerequisite of skilled writing (Berninger et al., 2002) and interventions to improve handwriting have concurrent positive effects on writing fluency (Berninger et al., 1997; Graham et al., 2000). Transcription skills influence the writing fluency of younger students (Graham et al., 1997; Limpo & Alves, 2013). Additionally gender influences writing fluency, with female students outperforming male students on measures of both handwriting and writing fluency (Malecki & Jewell, 2003; Olinghouse 2008). The goal of the proposed study was to determine whether third-grade students’ (n = 74) transcriptional skills and gender predicted their writing fluency growth in response to a performance feedback intervention. As hypothesized, handwriting skill accounted for some variance in writing fluency growth; however, gender did not. Students who did not respond to the intervention exhibited lower baseline writing fluency and were more likely to be male. Considerations for instruction in basic writing skills and improving the effectiveness of writing interventions are discussed.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Predictors of Elementary-aged Students’ Writing Fluency Growth in Response to a Performance Feedback Writing Intervention"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Tanya L. Eckert"],"dc:creator":["Alvis, Alisa Viola"],"dc:description.abstract":["Students at all grade levels in the United States are experiencing significant difficulties in the area of written expression (Salahu-Din, Persky, & Miller, 2008; U.S. Department of Education, 2012). Although performance feedback is an effective evidence-based intervention for improving the writing fluency of elementary-aged students, approximately one-third do not exhibit fluency growth (Eckert et al. 2006, 2008). The transcription skill of handwriting is a prerequisite of skilled writing (Berninger et al., 2002) and interventions to improve handwriting have concurrent positive effects on writing fluency (Berninger et al., 1997; Graham et al., 2000). Transcription skills influence the writing fluency of younger students (Graham et al., 1997; Limpo & Alves, 2013). Additionally gender influences writing fluency, with female students outperforming male students on measures of both handwriting and writing fluency (Malecki & Jewell, 2003; Olinghouse 2008). The goal of the proposed study was to determine whether third-grade students’ (n = 74) transcriptional skills and gender predicted their writing fluency growth in response to a performance feedback intervention. As hypothesized, handwriting skill accounted for some variance in writing fluency growth; however, gender did not. Students who did not respond to the intervention exhibited lower baseline writing fluency and were more likely to be male. Considerations for instruction in basic writing skills and improving the effectiveness of writing interventions are discussed.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://surface.syr.edu/etd/1040"],"dc:subject":["gender","handwriting","intervention response","performance feedback","writing fluency","written expression","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"dc:title":["Predictors of Elementary-aged Students’ Writing Fluency Growth in Response to a Performance Feedback Writing Intervention"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:55:37Z"}