This dissertation explores attitudes toward and perceptions of gay male varieties of American English, or Gay American English (GAE). Building on language attitude research in folk dialectology and social psychology, I use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to analyze interview data, an attitude and perception study, and two focus groups. I also adapt methodologies from social network theory to examine how gay men's individual attitudes toward and usage of GAE are influenced by their connectedness to (1) family of origin and created kinship networks, (2) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) networks and practices, and (3) the American South.
My results show a conflicting image of GAE's social status, which seems to lie somewhere between the traditional categories of standard and nonstandard. According to my results, GAE speakers receive positive assessments in status characteristics (e.g., intelligence), consistent with standard language varieties. They also receive positive assessments in solidarity characteristics (e.g., friendliness), consistent with many nonstandard varieties. However, GAE is often associated with \"effeminacy,\" which is negatively evaluated by the participants in my study. As a result, unlike other varieties of English that utilize standard language features, GAE may hinder a speaker's chances of upward social mobility.
Less surprisingly, the data show that connectedness to LGBTQ networks and practices is positively correlated with attitudes toward/usage of GAE. The strongest correlation found is the association between connectedness to created kinship networks and attitudes toward/usage of GAE. Additionally, the data show that weak family of origin ties increase the likelihood that a gay man will have positive attitudes toward GAE and use it. These findings suggest that for gay men who have built kinship networks within LGBTQ communities, created kinship networks may be more influential than family of origin networks in terms of language practices. Finally, my analysis of gay men's connectedness to the South reveals that gay men's attitudes toward/usage of GAE are complicated by ideologies of class, gender, and rurality - ideologies, which are also linked together in complex ways.
","abstract_html":"<p>This dissertation explores attitudes toward and perceptions of gay male varieties of American English, or Gay American English (GAE). Building on language attitude research in folk dialectology and social psychology, I use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to analyze interview data, an attitude and perception study, and two focus groups. I also adapt methodologies from social network theory to examine how gay men's individual attitudes toward and usage of GAE are influenced by their connectedness to (1) family of origin and created kinship networks, (2) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) networks and practices, and (3) the American South.</p> <p>My results show a conflicting image of GAE's social status, which seems to lie somewhere between the traditional categories of standard and nonstandard. According to my results, GAE speakers receive positive assessments in status characteristics (e.g., intelligence), consistent with standard language varieties. They also receive positive assessments in solidarity characteristics (e.g., friendliness), consistent with many nonstandard varieties. However, GAE is often associated with "effeminacy," which is negatively evaluated by the participants in my study. As a result, unlike other varieties of English that utilize standard language features, GAE may hinder a speaker's chances of upward social mobility.</p> <p>Less surprisingly, the data show that connectedness to LGBTQ networks and practices is positively correlated with attitudes toward/usage of GAE. The strongest correlation found is the association between connectedness to created kinship networks and attitudes toward/usage of GAE. Additionally, the data show that weak family of origin ties increase the likelihood that a gay man will have positive attitudes toward GAE and use it. These findings suggest that for gay men who have built kinship networks within LGBTQ communities, created kinship networks may be more influential than family of origin networks in terms of language practices. Finally, my analysis of gay men's connectedness to the South reveals that gay men's attitudes toward/usage of GAE are complicated by ideologies of class, gender, and rurality - ideologies, which are also linked together in complex ways.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mann, Stephen Lance"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Ph.D.","degree_level":"Campus Access Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Linguistics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Tracey L. Weldon"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2011-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:37:49Z","subjects":["Linguistics","Social and Behavioral Sciences","American English","folk dialectology","language attitudes","sexuality","social network theory"],"languages":[],"rights":["© 2011, Stephen Lance Mann"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1531","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Tracey L. Weldon"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mann, Stephen Lance"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Linguistics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Campus Access Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph.D."]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Linguistics","Social and Behavioral Sciences","American English","folk dialectology","language attitudes","sexuality","social network theory"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["© 2011, Stephen Lance Mann"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1531"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["This dissertation explores attitudes toward and perceptions of gay male varieties of American English, or Gay American English (GAE). Building on language attitude research in folk dialectology and social psychology, I use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to analyze interview data, an attitude and perception study, and two focus groups. I also adapt methodologies from social network theory to examine how gay men's individual attitudes toward and usage of GAE are influenced by their connectedness to (1) family of origin and created kinship networks, (2) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) networks and practices, and (3) the American South.
My results show a conflicting image of GAE's social status, which seems to lie somewhere between the traditional categories of standard and nonstandard. According to my results, GAE speakers receive positive assessments in status characteristics (e.g., intelligence), consistent with standard language varieties. They also receive positive assessments in solidarity characteristics (e.g., friendliness), consistent with many nonstandard varieties. However, GAE is often associated with \"effeminacy,\" which is negatively evaluated by the participants in my study. As a result, unlike other varieties of English that utilize standard language features, GAE may hinder a speaker's chances of upward social mobility.
Less surprisingly, the data show that connectedness to LGBTQ networks and practices is positively correlated with attitudes toward/usage of GAE. The strongest correlation found is the association between connectedness to created kinship networks and attitudes toward/usage of GAE. Additionally, the data show that weak family of origin ties increase the likelihood that a gay man will have positive attitudes toward GAE and use it. These findings suggest that for gay men who have built kinship networks within LGBTQ communities, created kinship networks may be more influential than family of origin networks in terms of language practices. Finally, my analysis of gay men's connectedness to the South reveals that gay men's attitudes toward/usage of GAE are complicated by ideologies of class, gender, and rurality - ideologies, which are also linked together in complex ways.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Gay American English: Language Attitudes, Language Perceptions, and Gay Men's Discourses of Connectedness to Family, Lgbtq Networks, and the American South"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Tracey L. Weldon"],"dc:creator":["Mann, Stephen Lance"],"dc:description.abstract":["This dissertation explores attitudes toward and perceptions of gay male varieties of American English, or Gay American English (GAE). Building on language attitude research in folk dialectology and social psychology, I use both quantitative and qualitative techniques to analyze interview data, an attitude and perception study, and two focus groups. I also adapt methodologies from social network theory to examine how gay men's individual attitudes toward and usage of GAE are influenced by their connectedness to (1) family of origin and created kinship networks, (2) lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) networks and practices, and (3) the American South.
My results show a conflicting image of GAE's social status, which seems to lie somewhere between the traditional categories of standard and nonstandard. According to my results, GAE speakers receive positive assessments in status characteristics (e.g., intelligence), consistent with standard language varieties. They also receive positive assessments in solidarity characteristics (e.g., friendliness), consistent with many nonstandard varieties. However, GAE is often associated with \"effeminacy,\" which is negatively evaluated by the participants in my study. As a result, unlike other varieties of English that utilize standard language features, GAE may hinder a speaker's chances of upward social mobility.
Less surprisingly, the data show that connectedness to LGBTQ networks and practices is positively correlated with attitudes toward/usage of GAE. The strongest correlation found is the association between connectedness to created kinship networks and attitudes toward/usage of GAE. Additionally, the data show that weak family of origin ties increase the likelihood that a gay man will have positive attitudes toward GAE and use it. These findings suggest that for gay men who have built kinship networks within LGBTQ communities, created kinship networks may be more influential than family of origin networks in terms of language practices. Finally, my analysis of gay men's connectedness to the South reveals that gay men's attitudes toward/usage of GAE are complicated by ideologies of class, gender, and rurality - ideologies, which are also linked together in complex ways.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1531"],"dc:rights":["© 2011, Stephen Lance Mann"],"dc:subject":["Linguistics","Social and Behavioral Sciences","American English","folk dialectology","language attitudes","sexuality","social network theory"],"dc:title":["Gay American English: Language Attitudes, Language Perceptions, and Gay Men's Discourses of Connectedness to Family, Lgbtq Networks, and the American South"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Linguistics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Campus Access Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph.D."]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:37:49Z"}