{"id":{"repo_id":"sherbrooke","oai_identifier":"oai:usherbrooke.scholaris.ca:11143/20050"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/sherbrooke/oai:usherbrooke.scholaris.ca:11143/20050","repository":{"repo_id":"sherbrooke","name":"Université de Sherbrooke","base_url":"https://usherbrooke.scholaris.ca/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Effets indirects et distributifs de la participation aux marchés agricoles dans les pays en développement","abstract":"The analysis of the effects of agricultural marketing on household (participants) income and/or consumption suggests a consensus on a positive causal relationship. However, it would still be incomplete if it is restricted to the participants alone, because in an economic system, the participants interact with other institutions, thereby giving rise to indirect effects. Studies that focus on assessing indirect effects of marketing using a macroeconomic framework are scarce as they require the inclusion extensive margins. The existing studies suffer from unrealistic assumptions (absence of government, savings, absence of interaction with urban households), disregard heterogeneities, emphasize price policies, and finally rarely include distributional analyses. This thesis presents an approach that extends the literature to address the limitations outlined above. The objective is therefore to explore the indirect macroeconomic, sectoral, and distributional effects of policies targeting farm households in Malawi. To this end, it considers policies on access to agricultural technologies such as access to inorganic fertilizers and/or mechanization. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. First, it contributes to the literature on the analysis of the indirect effects of market-based agriculture, using a sequential approach that includes, both intensive and extensive margins. This approach also emphasizes heterogeneities among households based on their status in labor market. Second, by using a sequential approach that focuses on the microeconomic behaviors of agricultural households in terms of market participation, it extends the literature on the standard macro-micro synthesis, which has, focused heavily on modeling individual labor supply. To build the sequential approach, this thesis employs three modules that are first developed in the different chapters; the modules are then linked in the last chapter. In Chapter 1, we develop a structural model of a farm household that describes decisions of participation in both labor and product markets; the objective here is to identify factors influencing market participation. Solving this model showed nine participation regimes. Comparing the outcomes from the theoretical model with the data, our results indicate that the most prevalent regimes are those in which households are either absent from markets or absent from the product market and have excess labor supply. We estimate the reduced form of the model using an extension of the Heckman approach while including a control function to mitigate the endogeneity problem associated with the adoption of agricultural technologies. Results show that the use of inorganic fertilizers reduces the probability of being excluded from markets while increasing the intensity of participation. This result suggests that participation in agricultural markets is primarily determined by productivity gains in a context where subsistence agriculture is predominant. In Chapter 2, we construct a computable general equilibrium model that accounts for the trade-off that the representative household makes between farming and non-agricultural work. This trade-off is based on comparing transaction costs and wages across sectors. The objective is to explore the sectoral and macroeconomic effects of public investments that increase the productivity of food crops while considering the choice of sector of activity by the household. The introduction of this trade-off into the model allows us to consider, in a non-perfect way, the farm household model developed in Chapter 1. Our results indicate that the responsiveness of the whole economy to the productivity shock depends, inter alia, on the sensitivity of agricultural productivity to public investment and on the degree of labor mobility between agriculture and other industries, which is rarely highlighted in the literature. When labor mobility is improved, the effects of productivity gains are mitigated by an outflow of agricultural labor to the non-agricultural sector, thus increasing the number of unemployed people already in the sector. In Chapter 3, we develop a poverty module that singles out agricultural households from other households. The objective is first to highlight a \"Bottom-Up/Top-Down\" method that defines the links between the different models developed in chapter 1 and 2. Second, we examine indirect effects of policies aimed at increasing the productivity of farm households. Results show that when the access to fertilizers targets farm households with surplus labor and absent from the grain market, then we observe a greater market orientation. Indeed, the first reaction of these households is to use exclusively their initial surplus labor on the farm to generate marketable surplus production. At the macro level, the resulting reallocation of labor to agriculture creates positive effects on the targeted households, but also positive indirect effects on non-farm households, firms, and the government, through higher non-farm wages, higher returns to capital, lower prices, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. The result is pro-poor growth with greater effects in rural than in urban areas. In addition, when the policy of access to inorganic fertilizer is supplemented by mechanization, participation in markets is increased. The resulting intensification of on-farm labor leads to a sustained increase in off-farm wages. The induced growth is greater while its effect on reducing poverty and inequality is relatively small. This is because the induced increase in non-agricultural wages is more favorable for non-agricultural (urban) households that are relatively less exposed to poverty than for agricultural (rural) households. Finally, when the fertilizer access policy targets households excluded from both grain and labor markets, we also observe greater market orientation. On the other hand, this results in a trade-off in the allocation of labor to non-farm activities, leading to lower production costs in these sectors and increased non-farm employment. The resulting growth is weak; its effect on poverty and inequality reduction is relatively small. Finally, this thesis shows a methodology that is relatively more suitable than the standard approach for analyzing the macroeconomic and distributional effects of targeted agricultural policies. The results support the claim that productivity-enhancing policies are essential to improve the effects of marketing policies such as price and transaction cost reduction policies. However, it also points to potential negative effects resulting from the reallocation of resources to the agricultural sector, such as increasing the cost of production in non-agricultural sectors.","abstract_html":"The analysis of the effects of agricultural marketing on household (participants) income and/or consumption suggests a consensus on a positive causal relationship. However, it would still be incomplete if it is restricted to the participants alone, because in an economic system, the participants interact with other institutions, thereby giving rise to indirect effects. Studies that focus on assessing indirect effects of marketing using a macroeconomic framework are scarce as they require the inclusion extensive margins. The existing studies suffer from unrealistic assumptions (absence of government, savings, absence of interaction with urban households), disregard heterogeneities, emphasize price policies, and finally rarely include distributional analyses. This thesis presents an approach that extends the literature to address the limitations outlined above. The objective is therefore to explore the indirect macroeconomic, sectoral, and distributional effects of policies targeting farm households in Malawi. To this end, it considers policies on access to agricultural technologies such as access to inorganic fertilizers and/or mechanization. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. First, it contributes to the literature on the analysis of the indirect effects of market-based agriculture, using a sequential approach that includes, both intensive and extensive margins. This approach also emphasizes heterogeneities among households based on their status in labor market. Second, by using a sequential approach that focuses on the microeconomic behaviors of agricultural households in terms of market participation, it extends the literature on the standard macro-micro synthesis, which has, focused heavily on modeling individual labor supply. To build the sequential approach, this thesis employs three modules that are first developed in the different chapters; the modules are then linked in the last chapter. In Chapter 1, we develop a structural model of a farm household that describes decisions of participation in both labor and product markets; the objective here is to identify factors influencing market participation. Solving this model showed nine participation regimes. Comparing the outcomes from the theoretical model with the data, our results indicate that the most prevalent regimes are those in which households are either absent from markets or absent from the product market and have excess labor supply. We estimate the reduced form of the model using an extension of the Heckman approach while including a control function to mitigate the endogeneity problem associated with the adoption of agricultural technologies. Results show that the use of inorganic fertilizers reduces the probability of being excluded from markets while increasing the intensity of participation. This result suggests that participation in agricultural markets is primarily determined by productivity gains in a context where subsistence agriculture is predominant. In Chapter 2, we construct a computable general equilibrium model that accounts for the trade-off that the representative household makes between farming and non-agricultural work. This trade-off is based on comparing transaction costs and wages across sectors. The objective is to explore the sectoral and macroeconomic effects of public investments that increase the productivity of food crops while considering the choice of sector of activity by the household. The introduction of this trade-off into the model allows us to consider, in a non-perfect way, the farm household model developed in Chapter 1. Our results indicate that the responsiveness of the whole economy to the productivity shock depends, inter alia, on the sensitivity of agricultural productivity to public investment and on the degree of labor mobility between agriculture and other industries, which is rarely highlighted in the literature. When labor mobility is improved, the effects of productivity gains are mitigated by an outflow of agricultural labor to the non-agricultural sector, thus increasing the number of unemployed people already in the sector. In Chapter 3, we develop a poverty module that singles out agricultural households from other households. The objective is first to highlight a "Bottom-Up/Top-Down" method that defines the links between the different models developed in chapter 1 and 2. Second, we examine indirect effects of policies aimed at increasing the productivity of farm households. Results show that when the access to fertilizers targets farm households with surplus labor and absent from the grain market, then we observe a greater market orientation. Indeed, the first reaction of these households is to use exclusively their initial surplus labor on the farm to generate marketable surplus production. At the macro level, the resulting reallocation of labor to agriculture creates positive effects on the targeted households, but also positive indirect effects on non-farm households, firms, and the government, through higher non-farm wages, higher returns to capital, lower prices, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. The result is pro-poor growth with greater effects in rural than in urban areas. In addition, when the policy of access to inorganic fertilizer is supplemented by mechanization, participation in markets is increased. The resulting intensification of on-farm labor leads to a sustained increase in off-farm wages. The induced growth is greater while its effect on reducing poverty and inequality is relatively small. This is because the induced increase in non-agricultural wages is more favorable for non-agricultural (urban) households that are relatively less exposed to poverty than for agricultural (rural) households. Finally, when the fertilizer access policy targets households excluded from both grain and labor markets, we also observe greater market orientation. On the other hand, this results in a trade-off in the allocation of labor to non-farm activities, leading to lower production costs in these sectors and increased non-farm employment. The resulting growth is weak; its effect on poverty and inequality reduction is relatively small. Finally, this thesis shows a methodology that is relatively more suitable than the standard approach for analyzing the macroeconomic and distributional effects of targeted agricultural policies. The results support the claim that productivity-enhancing policies are essential to improve the effects of marketing policies such as price and transaction cost reduction policies. However, it also points to potential negative effects resulting from the reallocation of resources to the agricultural sector, such as increasing the cost of production in non-agricultural sectors.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Camara, Alhassane"],"institution":"Université de Sherbrooke","degree_name":"Ph. D.","degree_level":"Doctorat","degree_discipline":"Économique","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Savard, Luc","Fortin, Mario"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2023,"date_issued":"2023","date_published":"2023","updated_at":"2026-07-27T21:07:30Z","subjects":["Participation aux marchés agricoles","Modèle d'équilibre général calculable","Microsimulation","Effets indirects"],"languages":["fr"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11143/20050","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Savard, Luc","Fortin, Mario"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Camara, Alhassane"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2023-02-01T15:06:19Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2023-02-01T15:06:19Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2023"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Université de Sherbrooke"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thèse de doctorat"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Économique"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Doctorat"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph. D."]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Université de Sherbrooke"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Participation aux marchés agricoles","Modèle d'équilibre général calculable","Microsimulation","Effets indirects"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["fr"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/11143/20050"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The analysis of the effects of agricultural marketing on household (participants) income and/or consumption suggests a consensus on a positive causal relationship. However, it would still be incomplete if it is restricted to the participants alone, because in an economic system, the participants interact with other institutions, thereby giving rise to indirect effects. Studies that focus on assessing indirect effects of marketing using a macroeconomic framework are scarce as they require the inclusion extensive margins. The existing studies suffer from unrealistic assumptions (absence of government, savings, absence of interaction with urban households), disregard heterogeneities, emphasize price policies, and finally rarely include distributional analyses. This thesis presents an approach that extends the literature to address the limitations outlined above. The objective is therefore to explore the indirect macroeconomic, sectoral, and distributional effects of policies targeting farm households in Malawi. To this end, it considers policies on access to agricultural technologies such as access to inorganic fertilizers and/or mechanization. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. First, it contributes to the literature on the analysis of the indirect effects of market-based agriculture, using a sequential approach that includes, both intensive and extensive margins. This approach also emphasizes heterogeneities among households based on their status in labor market. Second, by using a sequential approach that focuses on the microeconomic behaviors of agricultural households in terms of market participation, it extends the literature on the standard macro-micro synthesis, which has, focused heavily on modeling individual labor supply. To build the sequential approach, this thesis employs three modules that are first developed in the different chapters; the modules are then linked in the last chapter. In Chapter 1, we develop a structural model of a farm household that describes decisions of participation in both labor and product markets; the objective here is to identify factors influencing market participation. Solving this model showed nine participation regimes. Comparing the outcomes from the theoretical model with the data, our results indicate that the most prevalent regimes are those in which households are either absent from markets or absent from the product market and have excess labor supply. We estimate the reduced form of the model using an extension of the Heckman approach while including a control function to mitigate the endogeneity problem associated with the adoption of agricultural technologies. Results show that the use of inorganic fertilizers reduces the probability of being excluded from markets while increasing the intensity of participation. This result suggests that participation in agricultural markets is primarily determined by productivity gains in a context where subsistence agriculture is predominant. In Chapter 2, we construct a computable general equilibrium model that accounts for the trade-off that the representative household makes between farming and non-agricultural work. This trade-off is based on comparing transaction costs and wages across sectors. The objective is to explore the sectoral and macroeconomic effects of public investments that increase the productivity of food crops while considering the choice of sector of activity by the household. The introduction of this trade-off into the model allows us to consider, in a non-perfect way, the farm household model developed in Chapter 1. Our results indicate that the responsiveness of the whole economy to the productivity shock depends, inter alia, on the sensitivity of agricultural productivity to public investment and on the degree of labor mobility between agriculture and other industries, which is rarely highlighted in the literature. When labor mobility is improved, the effects of productivity gains are mitigated by an outflow of agricultural labor to the non-agricultural sector, thus increasing the number of unemployed people already in the sector. In Chapter 3, we develop a poverty module that singles out agricultural households from other households. The objective is first to highlight a \"Bottom-Up/Top-Down\" method that defines the links between the different models developed in chapter 1 and 2. Second, we examine indirect effects of policies aimed at increasing the productivity of farm households. Results show that when the access to fertilizers targets farm households with surplus labor and absent from the grain market, then we observe a greater market orientation. Indeed, the first reaction of these households is to use exclusively their initial surplus labor on the farm to generate marketable surplus production. At the macro level, the resulting reallocation of labor to agriculture creates positive effects on the targeted households, but also positive indirect effects on non-farm households, firms, and the government, through higher non-farm wages, higher returns to capital, lower prices, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. The result is pro-poor growth with greater effects in rural than in urban areas. In addition, when the policy of access to inorganic fertilizer is supplemented by mechanization, participation in markets is increased. The resulting intensification of on-farm labor leads to a sustained increase in off-farm wages. The induced growth is greater while its effect on reducing poverty and inequality is relatively small. This is because the induced increase in non-agricultural wages is more favorable for non-agricultural (urban) households that are relatively less exposed to poverty than for agricultural (rural) households. Finally, when the fertilizer access policy targets households excluded from both grain and labor markets, we also observe greater market orientation. On the other hand, this results in a trade-off in the allocation of labor to non-farm activities, leading to lower production costs in these sectors and increased non-farm employment. The resulting growth is weak; its effect on poverty and inequality reduction is relatively small. Finally, this thesis shows a methodology that is relatively more suitable than the standard approach for analyzing the macroeconomic and distributional effects of targeted agricultural policies. The results support the claim that productivity-enhancing policies are essential to improve the effects of marketing policies such as price and transaction cost reduction policies. However, it also points to potential negative effects resulting from the reallocation of resources to the agricultural sector, such as increasing the cost of production in non-agricultural sectors.","L’analyse des effets de la commercialisation agricole sur le revenu et/ou la consommation des ménages participants semble offrir un consensus sur un lien causal positif. Toutefois, elle resterait incomplète si elle se limitait aux seuls participants, car dans un système économique, ces derniers sont en interaction avec d’autres institutions donnant ainsi naissance aux effets indirects. Les tentatives pour analyser les effets indirects de la commercialisation dans un cadre macroéconomique pour apprécier les interactions, sont rares parce qu’elles exigent la prise en compte des comportements discrets (marge extensive). Celles qui existent, souffrent d’hypothèses peu réalistes (absence du gouvernement, d’épargne, absence d’interaction avec les ménages urbains), ignorent les hétérogénéités, insistent en général sur les politiques de prix, et finalement présentent rarement des analyses distributives. Cette thèse présente une approche qui bonifie la littérature en prenant en compte les limites relevées ci-dessus. L’objectif est donc d’explorer les effets indirects en termes macroéconomiques, sectoriels, et distributifs des politiques ciblées visant les ménages agricoles au Malawi. A cet effet, elle considère les politiques d’accès aux technologies agricoles telles que l’accès aux engrais inorganiques et/ou à la mécanisation. La contribution de cette thèse est double. D’abord elle contribue à la littérature sur l’analyse des effets indirects de l’agriculture de marché, grâce à l’emploi d’une approche séquentielle de la synthèse macro-micro, considérant à la fois les marges intensives et extensives, les hétérogénéités entre les ménages à travers l’introduction de la participation sur le marché du travail. Ensuite, en utilisant une approche séquentielle qui s’intéresse aux comportements microéconomiques des ménages agricoles en termes de participations aux marchés, elle étend la littérature sur la synthèse macro-micro standard, qui d’ailleurs s’est beaucoup focalisé sur la modélisation de l’offre individuelle de travail. Pour construire l’approche séquentielle, cette thèse emploie trois modules qui sont d’abord développés dans les différents chapitres ; ces différents modules sont ensuite liés dans le dernier chapitre. Dans le premier chapitre, nous développons un modèle structurel de ménage agricole décrivant simultanément les décisions microéconomiques de participation sur les marchés de travail et de produits ; l’objectif est d’identifier les facteurs influençant la participation aux marchés. La résolution de ce modèle a permis de montrer la présence de neuf régimes de participation. En confrontant les conclusions du modèle théorique et les données, nos résultats indiquent que les régimes les plus prépondérants sont ceux où les ménages sont absents sur les deux marchés ou bien absents sur le marché de produits avec un surplus de travail (employé dans le secteur non agricole ou non). L’estimation de la forme réduite du modèle en utilisant une extension de l’approche de Heckman tout en incluant une fonction de contrôle pour mitiger le problème d’endogénéité lié à l’adoption des technologies agricoles, a permis de montrer que l’utilisation des fertilisants inorganiques réduit la probabilité d’être exclu des marchés tout en renforçant l’intensité de la participation. Ce résultat conforterait l’idée selon laquelle la participation aux marchés agricoles est principalement déterminée par les gains de productivité dans un contexte où l’agriculture de subsistance est prédominante. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous construisons un modèle d'équilibre général calculable qui prend en compte l’arbitrage que fait le ménage représentatif entre travailler dans l’agriculture ou hors de l’agriculture au regard des coûts de transaction et des différences de rémunération entre secteurs. L’objectif est d’explorer les effets sectoriels et macroéconomiques, des investissements publics accroissant la productivité vivrière tout en considérant les décisions de choix du secteur d’activité par le ménage. L’introduction de cet arbitrage dans le modèle permet de prendre en compte partiellement le comportement microéconomique développé dans le premier chapitre. A cet effet, nos résultats, indiquent que la réponse de l’économie au choc de productivité dépend entre autres de la sensibilité de la productivité agricole aux investissements publics et du degré de mobilité du travail entre l’agriculture et les autres branches d’activités ; ce qui est rarement mis en évidence dans cette littérature. Lorsque que la mobilité du travail est améliorée, les effets de gain de productivité sont atténués par un départ de la main d’œuvre agricole vers le secteur non agricole, augmentant ainsi le nombre de chômeurs déjà existant dans ce secteur. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous développons un module de pauvreté qui distingue les ménages agricoles des autres ménages et qui sert d’analyse distributive. Par ailleurs l’objectif dans ce chapitre est d’abord de mettre en lumière une méthodologie « Bottom-Up/Top-Down » définissant les liens entre les différents modèles développés. Ensuite, nous explorons les effets indirects des scenarios de politiques visant à accroitre la productivité des ménages agricoles. Nous montrons ainsi que lorsque la politique d’accès aux fertilisants inorganiques vise des ménages agricoles ayant un surplus de travail et absents du marché des céréales, on observe une orientation plus grande vers les marchés. En effet, la première réaction de ces ménages est d’utiliser exclusivement leur excédent de travail initial dans l’exploitation afin de dégager des excédents de production pouvant être commercialisés. Au niveau macroéconomique, la réallocation du travail en faveur de l’agriculture qui en découle, créée des effets positifs sur les ménages cibles mais également des effets indirects positifs sur les ménages non agricoles, les entreprises et le gouvernement, à travers un accroissement des salaires non agricoles, du rendement du capital, une baisse des prix et une dépréciation du taux de change réel. Il en résulte une croissance pro-pauvre dont les effets sont plus grands en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain. En outre, lorsque la politique d’accès aux fertilisants inorganiques est appuyée par la mécanisation, la participation aux marchés est accrue. L’intensification du travail dans les exploitations agricoles, qui en découle entraine un accroissement soutenu des salaires non agricoles. La croissance induite est plus grande alors que son effet sur la réduction de la pauvreté et des inégalités est relativement faible. L’explication viendrait du fait que l’augmentation induite des salaires non agricoles est plus profitable aux ménages non agricoles (urbains) relativement moins exposés à la pauvreté que les ménages agricoles (ruraux) qui en revanche observent une baisse des salaires agricoles. Enfin, lorsque la politique d’accès aux engrais vise les ménages exclus des deux marchés (céréales et travail), nous observons également une orientation plus grande aux marchés. En revanche, il en résulte un arbitrage dans l’allocation du travail en faveur des activités non agricoles, provoquant une baisse des coûts de production dans ces secteurs et un accroissement des emplois non agricoles. La croissance qui en découle est faible ; son effet sur la réduction de la pauvreté et les inégalités est relativement faible. Finalement, cette thèse montre que la méthodologie présentée est relativement mieux adaptée que l’approche standard, pour l’analyse des effets macroéconomiques et distributifs des politiques agricoles ciblées. Au regard des résultats, elle soutient la thèse selon laquelle les politiques d’accroissement de la productivité sont essentielles pour améliorer les effets des politiques de commercialisation telles que les politiques de prix et de réduction des coûts de transaction. Cependant, elle souligne également de potentiels effets négatifs résultant de la réallocation des ressources en faveur du secteur agricole, tels que l’augmentation du coût de production dans les secteurs non agricoles."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Effets indirects et distributifs de la participation aux marchés agricoles dans les pays en développement"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Savard, Luc","Fortin, Mario"],"dc:creator":["Camara, Alhassane"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2023-02-01T15:06:19Z"],"dc:date.available":["2023-02-01T15:06:19Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2023"],"dc:description.abstract":["The analysis of the effects of agricultural marketing on household (participants) income and/or consumption suggests a consensus on a positive causal relationship. However, it would still be incomplete if it is restricted to the participants alone, because in an economic system, the participants interact with other institutions, thereby giving rise to indirect effects. Studies that focus on assessing indirect effects of marketing using a macroeconomic framework are scarce as they require the inclusion extensive margins. The existing studies suffer from unrealistic assumptions (absence of government, savings, absence of interaction with urban households), disregard heterogeneities, emphasize price policies, and finally rarely include distributional analyses. This thesis presents an approach that extends the literature to address the limitations outlined above. The objective is therefore to explore the indirect macroeconomic, sectoral, and distributional effects of policies targeting farm households in Malawi. To this end, it considers policies on access to agricultural technologies such as access to inorganic fertilizers and/or mechanization. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. First, it contributes to the literature on the analysis of the indirect effects of market-based agriculture, using a sequential approach that includes, both intensive and extensive margins. This approach also emphasizes heterogeneities among households based on their status in labor market. Second, by using a sequential approach that focuses on the microeconomic behaviors of agricultural households in terms of market participation, it extends the literature on the standard macro-micro synthesis, which has, focused heavily on modeling individual labor supply. To build the sequential approach, this thesis employs three modules that are first developed in the different chapters; the modules are then linked in the last chapter. In Chapter 1, we develop a structural model of a farm household that describes decisions of participation in both labor and product markets; the objective here is to identify factors influencing market participation. Solving this model showed nine participation regimes. Comparing the outcomes from the theoretical model with the data, our results indicate that the most prevalent regimes are those in which households are either absent from markets or absent from the product market and have excess labor supply. We estimate the reduced form of the model using an extension of the Heckman approach while including a control function to mitigate the endogeneity problem associated with the adoption of agricultural technologies. Results show that the use of inorganic fertilizers reduces the probability of being excluded from markets while increasing the intensity of participation. This result suggests that participation in agricultural markets is primarily determined by productivity gains in a context where subsistence agriculture is predominant. In Chapter 2, we construct a computable general equilibrium model that accounts for the trade-off that the representative household makes between farming and non-agricultural work. This trade-off is based on comparing transaction costs and wages across sectors. The objective is to explore the sectoral and macroeconomic effects of public investments that increase the productivity of food crops while considering the choice of sector of activity by the household. The introduction of this trade-off into the model allows us to consider, in a non-perfect way, the farm household model developed in Chapter 1. Our results indicate that the responsiveness of the whole economy to the productivity shock depends, inter alia, on the sensitivity of agricultural productivity to public investment and on the degree of labor mobility between agriculture and other industries, which is rarely highlighted in the literature. When labor mobility is improved, the effects of productivity gains are mitigated by an outflow of agricultural labor to the non-agricultural sector, thus increasing the number of unemployed people already in the sector. In Chapter 3, we develop a poverty module that singles out agricultural households from other households. The objective is first to highlight a \"Bottom-Up/Top-Down\" method that defines the links between the different models developed in chapter 1 and 2. Second, we examine indirect effects of policies aimed at increasing the productivity of farm households. Results show that when the access to fertilizers targets farm households with surplus labor and absent from the grain market, then we observe a greater market orientation. Indeed, the first reaction of these households is to use exclusively their initial surplus labor on the farm to generate marketable surplus production. At the macro level, the resulting reallocation of labor to agriculture creates positive effects on the targeted households, but also positive indirect effects on non-farm households, firms, and the government, through higher non-farm wages, higher returns to capital, lower prices, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. The result is pro-poor growth with greater effects in rural than in urban areas. In addition, when the policy of access to inorganic fertilizer is supplemented by mechanization, participation in markets is increased. The resulting intensification of on-farm labor leads to a sustained increase in off-farm wages. The induced growth is greater while its effect on reducing poverty and inequality is relatively small. This is because the induced increase in non-agricultural wages is more favorable for non-agricultural (urban) households that are relatively less exposed to poverty than for agricultural (rural) households. Finally, when the fertilizer access policy targets households excluded from both grain and labor markets, we also observe greater market orientation. On the other hand, this results in a trade-off in the allocation of labor to non-farm activities, leading to lower production costs in these sectors and increased non-farm employment. The resulting growth is weak; its effect on poverty and inequality reduction is relatively small. Finally, this thesis shows a methodology that is relatively more suitable than the standard approach for analyzing the macroeconomic and distributional effects of targeted agricultural policies. The results support the claim that productivity-enhancing policies are essential to improve the effects of marketing policies such as price and transaction cost reduction policies. However, it also points to potential negative effects resulting from the reallocation of resources to the agricultural sector, such as increasing the cost of production in non-agricultural sectors.","L’analyse des effets de la commercialisation agricole sur le revenu et/ou la consommation des ménages participants semble offrir un consensus sur un lien causal positif. Toutefois, elle resterait incomplète si elle se limitait aux seuls participants, car dans un système économique, ces derniers sont en interaction avec d’autres institutions donnant ainsi naissance aux effets indirects. Les tentatives pour analyser les effets indirects de la commercialisation dans un cadre macroéconomique pour apprécier les interactions, sont rares parce qu’elles exigent la prise en compte des comportements discrets (marge extensive). Celles qui existent, souffrent d’hypothèses peu réalistes (absence du gouvernement, d’épargne, absence d’interaction avec les ménages urbains), ignorent les hétérogénéités, insistent en général sur les politiques de prix, et finalement présentent rarement des analyses distributives. Cette thèse présente une approche qui bonifie la littérature en prenant en compte les limites relevées ci-dessus. L’objectif est donc d’explorer les effets indirects en termes macroéconomiques, sectoriels, et distributifs des politiques ciblées visant les ménages agricoles au Malawi. A cet effet, elle considère les politiques d’accès aux technologies agricoles telles que l’accès aux engrais inorganiques et/ou à la mécanisation. La contribution de cette thèse est double. D’abord elle contribue à la littérature sur l’analyse des effets indirects de l’agriculture de marché, grâce à l’emploi d’une approche séquentielle de la synthèse macro-micro, considérant à la fois les marges intensives et extensives, les hétérogénéités entre les ménages à travers l’introduction de la participation sur le marché du travail. Ensuite, en utilisant une approche séquentielle qui s’intéresse aux comportements microéconomiques des ménages agricoles en termes de participations aux marchés, elle étend la littérature sur la synthèse macro-micro standard, qui d’ailleurs s’est beaucoup focalisé sur la modélisation de l’offre individuelle de travail. Pour construire l’approche séquentielle, cette thèse emploie trois modules qui sont d’abord développés dans les différents chapitres ; ces différents modules sont ensuite liés dans le dernier chapitre. Dans le premier chapitre, nous développons un modèle structurel de ménage agricole décrivant simultanément les décisions microéconomiques de participation sur les marchés de travail et de produits ; l’objectif est d’identifier les facteurs influençant la participation aux marchés. La résolution de ce modèle a permis de montrer la présence de neuf régimes de participation. En confrontant les conclusions du modèle théorique et les données, nos résultats indiquent que les régimes les plus prépondérants sont ceux où les ménages sont absents sur les deux marchés ou bien absents sur le marché de produits avec un surplus de travail (employé dans le secteur non agricole ou non). L’estimation de la forme réduite du modèle en utilisant une extension de l’approche de Heckman tout en incluant une fonction de contrôle pour mitiger le problème d’endogénéité lié à l’adoption des technologies agricoles, a permis de montrer que l’utilisation des fertilisants inorganiques réduit la probabilité d’être exclu des marchés tout en renforçant l’intensité de la participation. Ce résultat conforterait l’idée selon laquelle la participation aux marchés agricoles est principalement déterminée par les gains de productivité dans un contexte où l’agriculture de subsistance est prédominante. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous construisons un modèle d'équilibre général calculable qui prend en compte l’arbitrage que fait le ménage représentatif entre travailler dans l’agriculture ou hors de l’agriculture au regard des coûts de transaction et des différences de rémunération entre secteurs. L’objectif est d’explorer les effets sectoriels et macroéconomiques, des investissements publics accroissant la productivité vivrière tout en considérant les décisions de choix du secteur d’activité par le ménage. L’introduction de cet arbitrage dans le modèle permet de prendre en compte partiellement le comportement microéconomique développé dans le premier chapitre. A cet effet, nos résultats, indiquent que la réponse de l’économie au choc de productivité dépend entre autres de la sensibilité de la productivité agricole aux investissements publics et du degré de mobilité du travail entre l’agriculture et les autres branches d’activités ; ce qui est rarement mis en évidence dans cette littérature. Lorsque que la mobilité du travail est améliorée, les effets de gain de productivité sont atténués par un départ de la main d’œuvre agricole vers le secteur non agricole, augmentant ainsi le nombre de chômeurs déjà existant dans ce secteur. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous développons un module de pauvreté qui distingue les ménages agricoles des autres ménages et qui sert d’analyse distributive. Par ailleurs l’objectif dans ce chapitre est d’abord de mettre en lumière une méthodologie « Bottom-Up/Top-Down » définissant les liens entre les différents modèles développés. Ensuite, nous explorons les effets indirects des scenarios de politiques visant à accroitre la productivité des ménages agricoles. Nous montrons ainsi que lorsque la politique d’accès aux fertilisants inorganiques vise des ménages agricoles ayant un surplus de travail et absents du marché des céréales, on observe une orientation plus grande vers les marchés. En effet, la première réaction de ces ménages est d’utiliser exclusivement leur excédent de travail initial dans l’exploitation afin de dégager des excédents de production pouvant être commercialisés. Au niveau macroéconomique, la réallocation du travail en faveur de l’agriculture qui en découle, créée des effets positifs sur les ménages cibles mais également des effets indirects positifs sur les ménages non agricoles, les entreprises et le gouvernement, à travers un accroissement des salaires non agricoles, du rendement du capital, une baisse des prix et une dépréciation du taux de change réel. Il en résulte une croissance pro-pauvre dont les effets sont plus grands en milieu rural qu’en milieu urbain. En outre, lorsque la politique d’accès aux fertilisants inorganiques est appuyée par la mécanisation, la participation aux marchés est accrue. L’intensification du travail dans les exploitations agricoles, qui en découle entraine un accroissement soutenu des salaires non agricoles. La croissance induite est plus grande alors que son effet sur la réduction de la pauvreté et des inégalités est relativement faible. L’explication viendrait du fait que l’augmentation induite des salaires non agricoles est plus profitable aux ménages non agricoles (urbains) relativement moins exposés à la pauvreté que les ménages agricoles (ruraux) qui en revanche observent une baisse des salaires agricoles. Enfin, lorsque la politique d’accès aux engrais vise les ménages exclus des deux marchés (céréales et travail), nous observons également une orientation plus grande aux marchés. En revanche, il en résulte un arbitrage dans l’allocation du travail en faveur des activités non agricoles, provoquant une baisse des coûts de production dans ces secteurs et un accroissement des emplois non agricoles. La croissance qui en découle est faible ; son effet sur la réduction de la pauvreté et les inégalités est relativement faible. Finalement, cette thèse montre que la méthodologie présentée est relativement mieux adaptée que l’approche standard, pour l’analyse des effets macroéconomiques et distributifs des politiques agricoles ciblées. Au regard des résultats, elle soutient la thèse selon laquelle les politiques d’accroissement de la productivité sont essentielles pour améliorer les effets des politiques de commercialisation telles que les politiques de prix et de réduction des coûts de transaction. Cependant, elle souligne également de potentiels effets négatifs résultant de la réallocation des ressources en faveur du secteur agricole, tels que l’augmentation du coût de production dans les secteurs non agricoles."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/11143/20050"],"dc:language.iso":["fr"],"dc:publisher":["Université de Sherbrooke"],"dc:subject":["Participation aux marchés agricoles","Modèle d'équilibre général calculable","Microsimulation","Effets indirects"],"dc:title":["Effets indirects et distributifs de la participation aux marchés agricoles dans les pays en développement"],"dc:type":["Thèse de doctorat"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Économique"],"thesis:degree_level":["Doctorat"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph. D."],"thesis:institution_name":["Université de Sherbrooke"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T21:07:30Z"}