The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a negative situation with no precedents in the education system of the United States (U.S.). To mitigate the spread of the virus, many school closures occurred nationwide, and schools transitioned from face-to-face instruction to a mixture of self-directed guide home education or online teaching. These drastic changes could be causing teachers, as many other professionals exposed to sudden adjustments (e.g., medical doctors/firefighters), to express high levels of stress, emotional burden, and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to compare the profiles of the teacher stress inventory (TSI) before and during COVID-19. Data from a representative sample of teachers in the U.S. collected during the Pandemic (n=361) was compared to data collected in 2017 (n=336). The goal of this study was to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on teachers’ stress. In specific, this dissertation examined if individuals with high, medium, and low levels of stress differ in health outcomes before and during COVID-19. Results indicate that teachers report high levels of stress during normal circumstances and during the event of a pandemic. However, teachers' stress profile during the event of a pandemic showed a higher level of impact in Emotional manifestation including symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. The results of this study highlight the importance of promoting mental health and providing assistance to teachers at-risk to prevent teachers’ disability and attrition.
","abstract_html":"<p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a negative situation with no precedents in the education system of the United States (U.S.). To mitigate the spread of the virus, many school closures occurred nationwide, and schools transitioned from face-to-face instruction to a mixture of self-directed guide home education or online teaching. These drastic changes could be causing teachers, as many other professionals exposed to sudden adjustments (e.g., medical doctors/firefighters), to express high levels of stress, emotional burden, and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to compare the profiles of the teacher stress inventory (TSI) before and during COVID-19. Data from a representative sample of teachers in the U.S. collected during the Pandemic (n=361) was compared to data collected in 2017 (n=336). The goal of this study was to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on teachers’ stress. In specific, this dissertation examined if individuals with high, medium, and low levels of stress differ in health outcomes before and during COVID-19. Results indicate that teachers report high levels of stress during normal circumstances and during the event of a pandemic. However, teachers' stress profile during the event of a pandemic showed a higher level of impact in Emotional manifestation including symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. The results of this study highlight the importance of promoting mental health and providing assistance to teachers at-risk to prevent teachers’ disability and attrition.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Saez, Berenice"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy - School Psychology","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Human Services","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Luis Aguerrevere, Ph.D., Dissertation Director","Nina Ellis-Hervey, Ph.D., Committee Member","Elaine Turner, Ph.D., Committee Member"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-08-07T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2021-08-07T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:30:30Z","subjects":["Teacher","stress","TSI","COVID-19","Education","Psychology","School Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/398","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Luis Aguerrevere, Ph.D., Dissertation Director","Nina Ellis-Hervey, Ph.D., Committee Member","Elaine Turner, Ph.D., Committee Member"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Saez, Berenice"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2021-05-27T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Human Services"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy - School Psychology"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Teacher","stress","TSI","COVID-19","Education","Psychology","School Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/398"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a negative situation with no precedents in the education system of the United States (U.S.). To mitigate the spread of the virus, many school closures occurred nationwide, and schools transitioned from face-to-face instruction to a mixture of self-directed guide home education or online teaching. These drastic changes could be causing teachers, as many other professionals exposed to sudden adjustments (e.g., medical doctors/firefighters), to express high levels of stress, emotional burden, and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to compare the profiles of the teacher stress inventory (TSI) before and during COVID-19. Data from a representative sample of teachers in the U.S. collected during the Pandemic (n=361) was compared to data collected in 2017 (n=336). The goal of this study was to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on teachers’ stress. In specific, this dissertation examined if individuals with high, medium, and low levels of stress differ in health outcomes before and during COVID-19. Results indicate that teachers report high levels of stress during normal circumstances and during the event of a pandemic. However, teachers' stress profile during the event of a pandemic showed a higher level of impact in Emotional manifestation including symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. The results of this study highlight the importance of promoting mental health and providing assistance to teachers at-risk to prevent teachers’ disability and attrition.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["MULTIVARIATE CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE TEACHER STRESS INVENTORY (TSI) PRIOR TO AND DURING COVID-19"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Luis Aguerrevere, Ph.D., Dissertation Director","Nina Ellis-Hervey, Ph.D., Committee Member","Elaine Turner, Ph.D., Committee Member"],"dc:creator":["Saez, Berenice"],"dc:date.available":["2021-05-27T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a negative situation with no precedents in the education system of the United States (U.S.). To mitigate the spread of the virus, many school closures occurred nationwide, and schools transitioned from face-to-face instruction to a mixture of self-directed guide home education or online teaching. These drastic changes could be causing teachers, as many other professionals exposed to sudden adjustments (e.g., medical doctors/firefighters), to express high levels of stress, emotional burden, and anxiety. The purpose of this study is to compare the profiles of the teacher stress inventory (TSI) before and during COVID-19. Data from a representative sample of teachers in the U.S. collected during the Pandemic (n=361) was compared to data collected in 2017 (n=336). The goal of this study was to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on teachers’ stress. In specific, this dissertation examined if individuals with high, medium, and low levels of stress differ in health outcomes before and during COVID-19. Results indicate that teachers report high levels of stress during normal circumstances and during the event of a pandemic. However, teachers' stress profile during the event of a pandemic showed a higher level of impact in Emotional manifestation including symptoms of Anxiety and Depression. The results of this study highlight the importance of promoting mental health and providing assistance to teachers at-risk to prevent teachers’ disability and attrition.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/398"],"dc:subject":["Teacher","stress","TSI","COVID-19","Education","Psychology","School Psychology"],"dc:title":["MULTIVARIATE CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE TEACHER STRESS INVENTORY (TSI) PRIOR TO AND DURING COVID-19"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Human Services"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy - School Psychology"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:30:30Z"}