{"id":{"repo_id":"sdstate","oai_identifier":"oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-2541"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/sdstate/oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-2541","repository":{"repo_id":"sdstate","name":"South Dakota State University","base_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Steam-Flaked Soybeans in Dairy Cattle Diets","abstract":"<p>There are many forms of soybeans available and fed within the livestock industry including: raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, roasted soybeans, steam-flaked soybeans and several soybean meal varieties. While most of these soybean products have been extensively researched and evaluated as feedstuffs, there is almost no research regarding steam-flaked soybeans. This series of research evaluated the feeding properties of steam-flaked soybeans in lactating dairy cattle. One component of the investigation was an in situ study that evaluated the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of steam-flaked soybeans. A second component of this research investigated the effect of particle size on rumen degradabi1ity parameters of steam-flaked soybeans. Finally, the third constituent of this research was a feeding trial where steam-flaked soybeans were included in the diet of lactating dairy cattle at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of dietary dry matter. This research demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, when ground to 2-mm, have similar rumen degradability to solvent extracted soybean meal and greater overall digestibility than raw soybeans. We also observed that using whole steam-flaked soybeans, as opposed to ground steam-flaked soybeans, increases the rumen undegradable portion of protein and dry matter. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, fed to lactating dairy cattle at 15% of dietary dry matter, can replace a mixture of soybean meal and commercial fat sources while maintaining production of milk (42 kg/d), milk fat (3.6%), and milk protein (3.0%). Increasing the amount of steam-flaked soybeans in the diet increased the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat indicating that steam-flaked soybeans may lead to more complete biohydrogenation as well as being a source of rumen protected fat.</p>","abstract_html":"&lt;p&gt;There are many forms of soybeans available and fed within the livestock industry including: raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, roasted soybeans, steam-flaked soybeans and several soybean meal varieties. While most of these soybean products have been extensively researched and evaluated as feedstuffs, there is almost no research regarding steam-flaked soybeans. This series of research evaluated the feeding properties of steam-flaked soybeans in lactating dairy cattle. One component of the investigation was an in situ study that evaluated the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of steam-flaked soybeans. A second component of this research investigated the effect of particle size on rumen degradabi1ity parameters of steam-flaked soybeans. Finally, the third constituent of this research was a feeding trial where steam-flaked soybeans were included in the diet of lactating dairy cattle at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of dietary dry matter. This research demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, when ground to 2-mm, have similar rumen degradability to solvent extracted soybean meal and greater overall digestibility than raw soybeans. We also observed that using whole steam-flaked soybeans, as opposed to ground steam-flaked soybeans, increases the rumen undegradable portion of protein and dry matter. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, fed to lactating dairy cattle at 15% of dietary dry matter, can replace a mixture of soybean meal and commercial fat sources while maintaining production of milk (42 kg/d), milk fat (3.6%), and milk protein (3.0%). Increasing the amount of steam-flaked soybeans in the diet increased the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat indicating that steam-flaked soybeans may lead to more complete biohydrogenation as well as being a source of rumen protected fat.&lt;/p&gt;","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bruns, Heidi R."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis - University Access Only","degree_discipline":"Dairy Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Arnold R. Hippen"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2011-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:29:15Z","subjects":["Dairy Science"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["<p>In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1536","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Arnold R. 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While most of these soybean products have been extensively researched and evaluated as feedstuffs, there is almost no research regarding steam-flaked soybeans. This series of research evaluated the feeding properties of steam-flaked soybeans in lactating dairy cattle. One component of the investigation was an in situ study that evaluated the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of steam-flaked soybeans. A second component of this research investigated the effect of particle size on rumen degradabi1ity parameters of steam-flaked soybeans. Finally, the third constituent of this research was a feeding trial where steam-flaked soybeans were included in the diet of lactating dairy cattle at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of dietary dry matter. This research demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, when ground to 2-mm, have similar rumen degradability to solvent extracted soybean meal and greater overall digestibility than raw soybeans. We also observed that using whole steam-flaked soybeans, as opposed to ground steam-flaked soybeans, increases the rumen undegradable portion of protein and dry matter. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, fed to lactating dairy cattle at 15% of dietary dry matter, can replace a mixture of soybean meal and commercial fat sources while maintaining production of milk (42 kg/d), milk fat (3.6%), and milk protein (3.0%). Increasing the amount of steam-flaked soybeans in the diet increased the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat indicating that steam-flaked soybeans may lead to more complete biohydrogenation as well as being a source of rumen protected fat.</p>"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Steam-Flaked Soybeans in Dairy Cattle Diets"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Arnold R. Hippen"],"dc:creator":["Bruns, Heidi R."],"dc:date.available":["2017-08-14T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["<p>There are many forms of soybeans available and fed within the livestock industry including: raw soybeans, extruded soybeans, roasted soybeans, steam-flaked soybeans and several soybean meal varieties. While most of these soybean products have been extensively researched and evaluated as feedstuffs, there is almost no research regarding steam-flaked soybeans. This series of research evaluated the feeding properties of steam-flaked soybeans in lactating dairy cattle. One component of the investigation was an in situ study that evaluated the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of steam-flaked soybeans. A second component of this research investigated the effect of particle size on rumen degradabi1ity parameters of steam-flaked soybeans. Finally, the third constituent of this research was a feeding trial where steam-flaked soybeans were included in the diet of lactating dairy cattle at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of dietary dry matter. This research demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, when ground to 2-mm, have similar rumen degradability to solvent extracted soybean meal and greater overall digestibility than raw soybeans. We also observed that using whole steam-flaked soybeans, as opposed to ground steam-flaked soybeans, increases the rumen undegradable portion of protein and dry matter. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that steam-flaked soybeans, fed to lactating dairy cattle at 15% of dietary dry matter, can replace a mixture of soybean meal and commercial fat sources while maintaining production of milk (42 kg/d), milk fat (3.6%), and milk protein (3.0%). Increasing the amount of steam-flaked soybeans in the diet increased the amount of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat indicating that steam-flaked soybeans may lead to more complete biohydrogenation as well as being a source of rumen protected fat.</p>"],"dc:identifier":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1536"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["<p>In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"],"dc:subject":["Dairy Science"],"dc:title":["Steam-Flaked Soybeans in Dairy Cattle Diets"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Dairy Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - University Access Only"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:29:15Z"}