{"id":{"repo_id":"sdstate","oai_identifier":"oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-2476"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/sdstate/oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-2476","repository":{"repo_id":"sdstate","name":"South Dakota State University","base_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Slow-Release Urea and Highly Fermentable Sugars in Diets Fed to Lactating Dairy Cows","abstract":"<p>A study was designed to test the inclusion of a formula of liquid co-products from the com milling and cheese industries in dairy rations and their interaction with a source of nonprotein nitrogen, calcium chloride urea. Eight multiparous and four primiparous Brown Swiss cows (96 ± 46 d in milk) were blocked by parity and assigned randomly to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of treatments. Basal diets were formulated for 16.6% CP and 1.55 Meal/kg NEL and contained 35% of dietary dry matter (DM) as com silage, 15% alfalfa hay, 34% of a varying concentrate mix of ground shelled com and soybean meal (SBM) and 16% of a constant premix. The constant premix contained equal proportions of soybean hulls, heat treated soybean meal, com distillers grains, vitamins and minerals across all diets. Treatments were: 1) no calcium chloride urea demonstrated to have slow-release properties and no fermentable sugars (NSU-NFS); 2) no slow-release urea with fermentable sugars (NSU-FS; 8.64% RationMate); 3) slow-release urea with no fermentable sugars (SU-NFS; 0.61 % Ruma Pro); and 4) slow-release urea and fermentable sugars in combination (SU-FS; 8.64% FS, 0.61 % SU). Feeding FS tended to decrease milk production and increased ruminal butyrate concentration compared to feeding NFS. Milk fat percent was also increased for cows fed FS compared with NFS. Feeding SU decreased DM intake, and increased feed efficiency compared with cows fed NSU. Dietary treatment had no effect on energy-corrected milk, milk protein percent, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, or milk urea nitrogen. No interactions between FS' and SU were observed. It is concluded that the replacement of com and SBM with dietary FS increased milk fat percentage while the replacement of ground com and SBM with SU significantly improved feed efficiency. However, no synergistic effects were observed when FS and SU were fed in combination.</p>","abstract_html":"&lt;p&gt;A study was designed to test the inclusion of a formula of liquid co-products from the com milling and cheese industries in dairy rations and their interaction with a source of nonprotein nitrogen, calcium chloride urea. Eight multiparous and four primiparous Brown Swiss cows (96 ± 46 d in milk) were blocked by parity and assigned randomly to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of treatments. Basal diets were formulated for 16.6% CP and 1.55 Meal/kg NEL and contained 35% of dietary dry matter (DM) as com silage, 15% alfalfa hay, 34% of a varying concentrate mix of ground shelled com and soybean meal (SBM) and 16% of a constant premix. The constant premix contained equal proportions of soybean hulls, heat treated soybean meal, com distillers grains, vitamins and minerals across all diets. Treatments were: 1) no calcium chloride urea demonstrated to have slow-release properties and no fermentable sugars (NSU-NFS); 2) no slow-release urea with fermentable sugars (NSU-FS; 8.64% RationMate); 3) slow-release urea with no fermentable sugars (SU-NFS; 0.61 % Ruma Pro); and 4) slow-release urea and fermentable sugars in combination (SU-FS; 8.64% FS, 0.61 % SU). Feeding FS tended to decrease milk production and increased ruminal butyrate concentration compared to feeding NFS. Milk fat percent was also increased for cows fed FS compared with NFS. Feeding SU decreased DM intake, and increased feed efficiency compared with cows fed NSU. Dietary treatment had no effect on energy-corrected milk, milk protein percent, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, or milk urea nitrogen. No interactions between FS&#x27; and SU were observed. It is concluded that the replacement of com and SBM with dietary FS increased milk fat percentage while the replacement of ground com and SBM with SU significantly improved feed efficiency. However, no synergistic effects were observed when FS and SU were fed in combination.&lt;/p&gt;","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Golombeski, Gregory Leonard"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis - University Access Only","degree_discipline":"Dairy Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Kenneth F. Kalscheur"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2005,"date_issued":"2005-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2005-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:29:08Z","subjects":["fermentable sugars","milk fat","slow-release urea","Dairy Science"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["<p>In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1474","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Kenneth F. Kalscheur"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Golombeski, Gregory Leonard"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2017-08-09T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Dairy Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis - University Access Only"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["fermentable sugars","milk fat","slow-release urea","Dairy Science"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["<p>In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1474"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["<p>A study was designed to test the inclusion of a formula of liquid co-products from the com milling and cheese industries in dairy rations and their interaction with a source of nonprotein nitrogen, calcium chloride urea. Eight multiparous and four primiparous Brown Swiss cows (96 ± 46 d in milk) were blocked by parity and assigned randomly to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of treatments. Basal diets were formulated for 16.6% CP and 1.55 Meal/kg NEL and contained 35% of dietary dry matter (DM) as com silage, 15% alfalfa hay, 34% of a varying concentrate mix of ground shelled com and soybean meal (SBM) and 16% of a constant premix. The constant premix contained equal proportions of soybean hulls, heat treated soybean meal, com distillers grains, vitamins and minerals across all diets. Treatments were: 1) no calcium chloride urea demonstrated to have slow-release properties and no fermentable sugars (NSU-NFS); 2) no slow-release urea with fermentable sugars (NSU-FS; 8.64% RationMate); 3) slow-release urea with no fermentable sugars (SU-NFS; 0.61 % Ruma Pro); and 4) slow-release urea and fermentable sugars in combination (SU-FS; 8.64% FS, 0.61 % SU). Feeding FS tended to decrease milk production and increased ruminal butyrate concentration compared to feeding NFS. Milk fat percent was also increased for cows fed FS compared with NFS. Feeding SU decreased DM intake, and increased feed efficiency compared with cows fed NSU. Dietary treatment had no effect on energy-corrected milk, milk protein percent, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, or milk urea nitrogen. No interactions between FS' and SU were observed. It is concluded that the replacement of com and SBM with dietary FS increased milk fat percentage while the replacement of ground com and SBM with SU significantly improved feed efficiency. However, no synergistic effects were observed when FS and SU were fed in combination.</p>"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Slow-Release Urea and Highly Fermentable Sugars in Diets Fed to Lactating Dairy Cows"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Kenneth F. Kalscheur"],"dc:creator":["Golombeski, Gregory Leonard"],"dc:date.available":["2017-08-09T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["<p>A study was designed to test the inclusion of a formula of liquid co-products from the com milling and cheese industries in dairy rations and their interaction with a source of nonprotein nitrogen, calcium chloride urea. Eight multiparous and four primiparous Brown Swiss cows (96 ± 46 d in milk) were blocked by parity and assigned randomly to three 4 x 4 Latin Squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of treatments. Basal diets were formulated for 16.6% CP and 1.55 Meal/kg NEL and contained 35% of dietary dry matter (DM) as com silage, 15% alfalfa hay, 34% of a varying concentrate mix of ground shelled com and soybean meal (SBM) and 16% of a constant premix. The constant premix contained equal proportions of soybean hulls, heat treated soybean meal, com distillers grains, vitamins and minerals across all diets. Treatments were: 1) no calcium chloride urea demonstrated to have slow-release properties and no fermentable sugars (NSU-NFS); 2) no slow-release urea with fermentable sugars (NSU-FS; 8.64% RationMate); 3) slow-release urea with no fermentable sugars (SU-NFS; 0.61 % Ruma Pro); and 4) slow-release urea and fermentable sugars in combination (SU-FS; 8.64% FS, 0.61 % SU). Feeding FS tended to decrease milk production and increased ruminal butyrate concentration compared to feeding NFS. Milk fat percent was also increased for cows fed FS compared with NFS. Feeding SU decreased DM intake, and increased feed efficiency compared with cows fed NSU. Dietary treatment had no effect on energy-corrected milk, milk protein percent, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, or milk urea nitrogen. No interactions between FS' and SU were observed. It is concluded that the replacement of com and SBM with dietary FS increased milk fat percentage while the replacement of ground com and SBM with SU significantly improved feed efficiency. However, no synergistic effects were observed when FS and SU were fed in combination.</p>"],"dc:identifier":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/1474"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["<p>In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"],"dc:subject":["fermentable sugars","milk fat","slow-release urea","Dairy Science"],"dc:title":["Slow-Release Urea and Highly Fermentable Sugars in Diets Fed to Lactating Dairy Cows"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Dairy Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - University Access Only"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:29:08Z"}