Sandbar habitat along the lower Missouri River in South Dakota was examined during May - August 1991 to determine the influence of predation on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and least tern (Sterna antillarum) productivity. Egested raptor pellet collections, track surveys, time-lapse photography, and site observations indicated that American kestrels (Falco sparyerius), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), great horned owls (lma.Q yirginianus), and mink (Mustela yison) were having a significant effect on the survival of piping plover and least tern nests and chicks in this region. American crows, raccoons and mink were associated with 98. 0% of the known nest losses. American kestrel and great horned owl predation accounted for 93. 0% of the chick mortality. The effects of predation were found to be highly site specific. Species of predators identified as the primary source of the nest and chick mortality were different among river reaches and among sites within river reaches. Increasing piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival, through predator deterrence, was evaluated in 1991 - 1992 using chick escape shelters, exclosure cages, and strobe lights as passive deterrent devices. Piping plover nest success was significantly increased (P < 0.001) with the use of exclosure cages. Piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival appeared to be enhanced with the use of strobe light systems although small sample size prevented detection of statistical differences. Chick shelters were not utilized by chicks of either species.
","abstract_html":"<p>Sandbar habitat along the lower Missouri River in South Dakota was examined during May - August 1991 to determine the influence of predation on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and least tern (Sterna antillarum) productivity. Egested raptor pellet collections, track surveys, time-lapse photography, and site observations indicated that American kestrels (Falco sparyerius), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), great horned owls (lma.Q yirginianus), and mink (Mustela yison) were having a significant effect on the survival of piping plover and least tern nests and chicks in this region. American crows, raccoons and mink were associated with 98. 0% of the known nest losses. American kestrel and great horned owl predation accounted for 93. 0% of the chick mortality. The effects of predation were found to be highly site specific. Species of predators identified as the primary source of the nest and chick mortality were different among river reaches and among sites within river reaches. Increasing piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival, through predator deterrence, was evaluated in 1991 - 1992 using chick escape shelters, exclosure cages, and strobe lights as passive deterrent devices. Piping plover nest success was significantly increased (P < 0.001) with the use of exclosure cages. Piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival appeared to be enhanced with the use of strobe light systems although small sample size prevented detection of statistical differences. Chick shelters were not utilized by chicks of either species.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Kruse, Casey D."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis - University Access Only","degree_discipline":"Wildlife and Fisheries Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Kenneth F. Higgins"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1993,"date_issued":"1993-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"1993-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:27:58Z","subjects":["Natural Resources and Conservation"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright © 1993 Casey D. Kruse. All rights reserved."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/511","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Kenneth F. Higgins"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Kruse, Casey D."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Wildlife and Fisheries Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis - University Access Only"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Natural Resources and Conservation"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright © 1993 Casey D. Kruse. All rights reserved."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/511"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Sandbar habitat along the lower Missouri River in South Dakota was examined during May - August 1991 to determine the influence of predation on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and least tern (Sterna antillarum) productivity. Egested raptor pellet collections, track surveys, time-lapse photography, and site observations indicated that American kestrels (Falco sparyerius), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), great horned owls (lma.Q yirginianus), and mink (Mustela yison) were having a significant effect on the survival of piping plover and least tern nests and chicks in this region. American crows, raccoons and mink were associated with 98. 0% of the known nest losses. American kestrel and great horned owl predation accounted for 93. 0% of the chick mortality. The effects of predation were found to be highly site specific. Species of predators identified as the primary source of the nest and chick mortality were different among river reaches and among sites within river reaches. Increasing piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival, through predator deterrence, was evaluated in 1991 - 1992 using chick escape shelters, exclosure cages, and strobe lights as passive deterrent devices. Piping plover nest success was significantly increased (P < 0.001) with the use of exclosure cages. Piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival appeared to be enhanced with the use of strobe light systems although small sample size prevented detection of statistical differences. Chick shelters were not utilized by chicks of either species.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Influence of Predation on Least Tern and Piping Plover Productivity Along the Missouri River in South Dakota"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Kenneth F. Higgins"],"dc:creator":["Kruse, Casey D."],"dc:description.abstract":["Sandbar habitat along the lower Missouri River in South Dakota was examined during May - August 1991 to determine the influence of predation on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and least tern (Sterna antillarum) productivity. Egested raptor pellet collections, track surveys, time-lapse photography, and site observations indicated that American kestrels (Falco sparyerius), American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), raccoons (Procyon lotor), great horned owls (lma.Q yirginianus), and mink (Mustela yison) were having a significant effect on the survival of piping plover and least tern nests and chicks in this region. American crows, raccoons and mink were associated with 98. 0% of the known nest losses. American kestrel and great horned owl predation accounted for 93. 0% of the chick mortality. The effects of predation were found to be highly site specific. Species of predators identified as the primary source of the nest and chick mortality were different among river reaches and among sites within river reaches. Increasing piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival, through predator deterrence, was evaluated in 1991 - 1992 using chick escape shelters, exclosure cages, and strobe lights as passive deterrent devices. Piping plover nest success was significantly increased (P < 0.001) with the use of exclosure cages. Piping plover and least tern nest success and chick survival appeared to be enhanced with the use of strobe light systems although small sample size prevented detection of statistical differences. Chick shelters were not utilized by chicks of either species.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/511"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright © 1993 Casey D. Kruse. All rights reserved."],"dc:subject":["Natural Resources and Conservation"],"dc:title":["Influence of Predation on Least Tern and Piping Plover Productivity Along the Missouri River in South Dakota"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Wildlife and Fisheries Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - University Access Only"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:27:58Z"}