{"id":{"repo_id":"sdstate","oai_identifier":"oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-1412"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/sdstate/oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-1412","repository":{"repo_id":"sdstate","name":"South Dakota State University","base_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Nontarget Avian Use of DRC-1339 Treated Plots During An Experimental Blackbird Control Program in Eastern South Dakota","abstract":"The United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has implemented an experimental blackbird control program using the avicide DRC-1339 to reduce the population of depredating blackbirds (red-winged blackbirds [Agelaius phoeniceus], yellow-headed blackbirds [Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus], and common grackles [Quiscalus quiscula]) in the northern Great Plains. As part of this control program, brown rice baits are treated with the avicide and broadcast in eastern South Dakota stubble fields during the vernal migration. The potential negative impact on nontarget avian species, in particular ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), was evaluated during the treatment periods, March to April 1998 and 1999. Nontarget birds used treated plots more than adjacent untreated unbaited reference plots (x2=8.35, 1 df, P=0. 004). Nontarget birds were then separated by feeding guilds; granivorous birds were observed significantly more in treated plots (x2=159.1, 1 df, P<0.001). Pheasants were observed numerous times around the treated plots, but only twice in the treated plots. Activity comparisons showed more nontarget birds feeding in treated plots (x2 =179. 9, 1 df, P<0.001). Eighty-four percent of the avian granivores in the treated plots were observed to be feeding; therefore, it seems likely that the bait may be attracting nontarget granivores. However, extensive mortality searches revealed no nontarget birds sick or dead from DRC-1339 toxicity.","abstract_html":"The United States Department of Agriculture&#x27;s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has implemented an experimental blackbird control program using the avicide DRC-1339 to reduce the population of depredating blackbirds (red-winged blackbirds [Agelaius phoeniceus], yellow-headed blackbirds [Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus], and common grackles [Quiscalus quiscula]) in the northern Great Plains. As part of this control program, brown rice baits are treated with the avicide and broadcast in eastern South Dakota stubble fields during the vernal migration. The potential negative impact on nontarget avian species, in particular ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), was evaluated during the treatment periods, March to April 1998 and 1999. Nontarget birds used treated plots more than adjacent untreated unbaited reference plots (x2=8.35, 1 df, P=0. 004). Nontarget birds were then separated by feeding guilds; granivorous birds were observed significantly more in treated plots (x2=159.1, 1 df, P&lt;0.001). Pheasants were observed numerous times around the treated plots, but only twice in the treated plots. Activity comparisons showed more nontarget birds feeding in treated plots (x2 =179. 9, 1 df, P&lt;0.001). Eighty-four percent of the avian granivores in the treated plots were observed to be feeding; therefore, it seems likely that the bait may be attracting nontarget granivores. However, extensive mortality searches revealed no nontarget birds sick or dead from DRC-1339 toxicity.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Smith, Jason A."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis - University Access Only","degree_discipline":"Wildlife and Fisheries Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Daniel E. Hubbard"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1999,"date_issued":"1999-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"1999-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:27:58Z","subjects":["blackbird","bird population","south dakota","pesticides","Natural Resources and Conservation"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["Copyright © 1999 Jason A. Smith. All rights reserved."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/412","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Daniel E. Hubbard"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Smith, Jason A."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Wildlife and Fisheries Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis - University Access Only"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["blackbird","bird population","south dakota","pesticides","Natural Resources and Conservation"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Copyright © 1999 Jason A. Smith. All rights reserved."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/412"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has implemented an experimental blackbird control program using the avicide DRC-1339 to reduce the population of depredating blackbirds (red-winged blackbirds [Agelaius phoeniceus], yellow-headed blackbirds [Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus], and common grackles [Quiscalus quiscula]) in the northern Great Plains. As part of this control program, brown rice baits are treated with the avicide and broadcast in eastern South Dakota stubble fields during the vernal migration. The potential negative impact on nontarget avian species, in particular ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), was evaluated during the treatment periods, March to April 1998 and 1999. Nontarget birds used treated plots more than adjacent untreated unbaited reference plots (x2=8.35, 1 df, P=0. 004). Nontarget birds were then separated by feeding guilds; granivorous birds were observed significantly more in treated plots (x2=159.1, 1 df, P<0.001). Pheasants were observed numerous times around the treated plots, but only twice in the treated plots. Activity comparisons showed more nontarget birds feeding in treated plots (x2 =179. 9, 1 df, P<0.001). Eighty-four percent of the avian granivores in the treated plots were observed to be feeding; therefore, it seems likely that the bait may be attracting nontarget granivores. However, extensive mortality searches revealed no nontarget birds sick or dead from DRC-1339 toxicity."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Nontarget Avian Use of DRC-1339 Treated Plots During An Experimental Blackbird Control Program in Eastern South Dakota"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Daniel E. Hubbard"],"dc:creator":["Smith, Jason A."],"dc:description.abstract":["The United States Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has implemented an experimental blackbird control program using the avicide DRC-1339 to reduce the population of depredating blackbirds (red-winged blackbirds [Agelaius phoeniceus], yellow-headed blackbirds [Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus], and common grackles [Quiscalus quiscula]) in the northern Great Plains. As part of this control program, brown rice baits are treated with the avicide and broadcast in eastern South Dakota stubble fields during the vernal migration. The potential negative impact on nontarget avian species, in particular ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), was evaluated during the treatment periods, March to April 1998 and 1999. Nontarget birds used treated plots more than adjacent untreated unbaited reference plots (x2=8.35, 1 df, P=0. 004). Nontarget birds were then separated by feeding guilds; granivorous birds were observed significantly more in treated plots (x2=159.1, 1 df, P<0.001). Pheasants were observed numerous times around the treated plots, but only twice in the treated plots. Activity comparisons showed more nontarget birds feeding in treated plots (x2 =179. 9, 1 df, P<0.001). Eighty-four percent of the avian granivores in the treated plots were observed to be feeding; therefore, it seems likely that the bait may be attracting nontarget granivores. However, extensive mortality searches revealed no nontarget birds sick or dead from DRC-1339 toxicity."],"dc:identifier":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/412"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["Copyright © 1999 Jason A. Smith. All rights reserved."],"dc:subject":["blackbird","bird population","south dakota","pesticides","Natural Resources and Conservation"],"dc:title":["Nontarget Avian Use of DRC-1339 Treated Plots During An Experimental Blackbird Control Program in Eastern South Dakota"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Wildlife and Fisheries Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - University Access Only"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:27:58Z"}