{"id":{"repo_id":"sdstate","oai_identifier":"oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-1130"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/sdstate/oai:openprairie.sdstate.edu:etd-1130","repository":{"repo_id":"sdstate","name":"South Dakota State University","base_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Evaluations of Techniques for Estimating Fall Age Ratios of Canada and Snow Geese","abstract":"Validity of flock counts, average group-size counts, cannot-net catches, and hunter-bag checks for estimating productivity of lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) and small Canada geese (Branta cnadensis hutchinsii-parvipes complex) was studied at Sand Lake and Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuges during fall, 1965 and 1966. Age-ratios obtained from flock counts vaired with the number of flocks sampled, wind velocity and amount of sky cover. If adequate sampling sites are selected and weather conditions are standardized, age ratio data from flock counts are of value for assessing productivity. Variation in group composition and number contributed to the bias in average group-size counts of snow geese. Some groups of snow geese were normal families composed of parents and young while other groups contained parents and young plus yearlings and unknown aged adults, possibly non-breeders. Cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were biased and favored immature snow and Canada geese because the young birds were not as wary as adults and were more vulnerable to the net and gun. Therefore, cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were not reliable for estimating productivity of snow or Canada geese and average group-size counts were no reliable for estimating productivity of snow geese. If Canada geese have similar composition in groups of family size, production estimates from average group-size counts may also be in error for that species. Sex ratios of net-trapped geese showed a preponderance of males for adult Canada and adult and immature snow geese while females were predominant in the immature segment of Canada geese. Bursa of Fabricius measurements showed that bursal depths may be used to classify snow and Canada geese into three age classes: immatures, yearlings and 2-year-olds, and more than 2 years old.","abstract_html":"Validity of flock counts, average group-size counts, cannot-net catches, and hunter-bag checks for estimating productivity of lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) and small Canada geese (Branta cnadensis hutchinsii-parvipes complex) was studied at Sand Lake and Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuges during fall, 1965 and 1966. Age-ratios obtained from flock counts vaired with the number of flocks sampled, wind velocity and amount of sky cover. If adequate sampling sites are selected and weather conditions are standardized, age ratio data from flock counts are of value for assessing productivity. Variation in group composition and number contributed to the bias in average group-size counts of snow geese. Some groups of snow geese were normal families composed of parents and young while other groups contained parents and young plus yearlings and unknown aged adults, possibly non-breeders. Cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were biased and favored immature snow and Canada geese because the young birds were not as wary as adults and were more vulnerable to the net and gun. Therefore, cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were not reliable for estimating productivity of snow or Canada geese and average group-size counts were no reliable for estimating productivity of snow geese. If Canada geese have similar composition in groups of family size, production estimates from average group-size counts may also be in error for that species. Sex ratios of net-trapped geese showed a preponderance of males for adult Canada and adult and immature snow geese while females were predominant in the immature segment of Canada geese. Bursa of Fabricius measurements showed that bursal depths may be used to classify snow and Canada geese into three age classes: immatures, yearlings and 2-year-olds, and more than 2 years old.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Higgins, Kenneth Frederick"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis - Open Access","degree_discipline":"Wildlife Management","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1968,"date_issued":"1968-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"1968-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:27:36Z","subjects":["Natural Resources and Conservation"],"languages":["en"],"rights":["<p>No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/130","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Higgins, Kenneth Frederick"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Wildlife Management"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis - Open Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Natural Resources and Conservation"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["<p>No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/130"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Validity of flock counts, average group-size counts, cannot-net catches, and hunter-bag checks for estimating productivity of lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) and small Canada geese (Branta cnadensis hutchinsii-parvipes complex) was studied at Sand Lake and Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuges during fall, 1965 and 1966. Age-ratios obtained from flock counts vaired with the number of flocks sampled, wind velocity and amount of sky cover. If adequate sampling sites are selected and weather conditions are standardized, age ratio data from flock counts are of value for assessing productivity. Variation in group composition and number contributed to the bias in average group-size counts of snow geese. Some groups of snow geese were normal families composed of parents and young while other groups contained parents and young plus yearlings and unknown aged adults, possibly non-breeders. Cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were biased and favored immature snow and Canada geese because the young birds were not as wary as adults and were more vulnerable to the net and gun. Therefore, cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were not reliable for estimating productivity of snow or Canada geese and average group-size counts were no reliable for estimating productivity of snow geese. If Canada geese have similar composition in groups of family size, production estimates from average group-size counts may also be in error for that species. Sex ratios of net-trapped geese showed a preponderance of males for adult Canada and adult and immature snow geese while females were predominant in the immature segment of Canada geese. Bursa of Fabricius measurements showed that bursal depths may be used to classify snow and Canada geese into three age classes: immatures, yearlings and 2-year-olds, and more than 2 years old."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Evaluations of Techniques for Estimating Fall Age Ratios of Canada and Snow Geese"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Higgins, Kenneth Frederick"],"dc:description.abstract":["Validity of flock counts, average group-size counts, cannot-net catches, and hunter-bag checks for estimating productivity of lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) and small Canada geese (Branta cnadensis hutchinsii-parvipes complex) was studied at Sand Lake and Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuges during fall, 1965 and 1966. Age-ratios obtained from flock counts vaired with the number of flocks sampled, wind velocity and amount of sky cover. If adequate sampling sites are selected and weather conditions are standardized, age ratio data from flock counts are of value for assessing productivity. Variation in group composition and number contributed to the bias in average group-size counts of snow geese. Some groups of snow geese were normal families composed of parents and young while other groups contained parents and young plus yearlings and unknown aged adults, possibly non-breeders. Cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were biased and favored immature snow and Canada geese because the young birds were not as wary as adults and were more vulnerable to the net and gun. Therefore, cannon-net catches and hunter-bag checks were not reliable for estimating productivity of snow or Canada geese and average group-size counts were no reliable for estimating productivity of snow geese. If Canada geese have similar composition in groups of family size, production estimates from average group-size counts may also be in error for that species. Sex ratios of net-trapped geese showed a preponderance of males for adult Canada and adult and immature snow geese while females were predominant in the immature segment of Canada geese. Bursa of Fabricius measurements showed that bursal depths may be used to classify snow and Canada geese into three age classes: immatures, yearlings and 2-year-olds, and more than 2 years old."],"dc:identifier":["https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/130"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:rights":["<p>No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only<br /><a href=\"http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/\">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/</a></p>"],"dc:subject":["Natural Resources and Conservation"],"dc:title":["Evaluations of Techniques for Estimating Fall Age Ratios of Canada and Snow Geese"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Wildlife Management"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis - Open Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T04:27:36Z"}