{"id":{"repo_id":"reykjavik","oai_identifier":"oai:skemman.is:1946/47679"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/reykjavik/oai:skemman.is:1946/47679","repository":{"repo_id":"reykjavik","name":"Reykjavík University","base_url":"https://skemman.is/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Earth electrode resistance diagnosis and measurements","abstract":"This thesis investigates the potential of an aluminum wire coated with semiconducting plastic material (AX-PRO) as a viable alternative to copper wire for use in grounding systems, particularly under Icelandic conditions. Copper has traditionally been the preferred material for grounding due to its excellent conductive properties, but its increasing cost and susceptibility to theft highlight the need for alternative solutions. This study evaluates the performance of AX-PRO wire through a series of measurements, simulations, and calculations, conducted at two distinct locations in Iceland: Hellisheiði power plant and Vatnsleysa in Biskupstunga. The research objectives include determining whether the AX-PRO wire can provide comparable earth resistance to copper, understanding the influence of Iceland’s harsh weather conditions, and assessing the impact of temperature changes on soil resistivity.The methodology encompasses installing both copper and AX-PRO electrodes at the test sites, performing empirical measurements, conducting simulations using advanced software, and calculating expected resistance values based on standard equations. The results indicate a significant difference in earth resistance between copper and AX-PRO, with the aluminum wire taking longer to achieve its full conductive capacity, especially in frozen soil. Over time, as the soil thawed and compacted around the electrodes, the difference decreased. Initially, calculations and simulations did not align with the measurement results, but the gap seemed to narrow significantly as soil resistivity decreased. It appears that the AX-PRO wire, despite initial issues, is a promising option for use as an earth electrode, although careful attention must be paid to its installation and ensuring proper soil compaction around it. Future work involves extending the measurement period to capture seasonal variations more comprehensively. Continued research aims to solidify AX-PRO’s viability in diverse conditions and contribute to the development of more sustainable and cost-effective grounding systems. By addressing these critical areas, this thesis provides a foundation for further exploration into alternative materials for grounding systems, with implications for improving the sustainability and reliability of electrical distribution networks in challenging environments.","abstract_html":"This thesis investigates the potential of an aluminum wire coated with semiconducting plastic material (AX-PRO) as a viable alternative to copper wire for use in grounding systems, particularly under Icelandic conditions. Copper has traditionally been the preferred material for grounding due to its excellent conductive properties, but its increasing cost and susceptibility to theft highlight the need for alternative solutions. This study evaluates the performance of AX-PRO wire through a series of measurements, simulations, and calculations, conducted at two distinct locations in Iceland: Hellisheiði power plant and Vatnsleysa in Biskupstunga. The research objectives include determining whether the AX-PRO wire can provide comparable earth resistance to copper, understanding the influence of Iceland’s harsh weather conditions, and assessing the impact of temperature changes on soil resistivity.The methodology encompasses installing both copper and AX-PRO electrodes at the test sites, performing empirical measurements, conducting simulations using advanced software, and calculating expected resistance values based on standard equations. The results indicate a significant difference in earth resistance between copper and AX-PRO, with the aluminum wire taking longer to achieve its full conductive capacity, especially in frozen soil. Over time, as the soil thawed and compacted around the electrodes, the difference decreased. Initially, calculations and simulations did not align with the measurement results, but the gap seemed to narrow significantly as soil resistivity decreased. It appears that the AX-PRO wire, despite initial issues, is a promising option for use as an earth electrode, although careful attention must be paid to its installation and ensuring proper soil compaction around it. Future work involves extending the measurement period to capture seasonal variations more comprehensively. Continued research aims to solidify AX-PRO’s viability in diverse conditions and contribute to the development of more sustainable and cost-effective grounding systems. By addressing these critical areas, this thesis provides a foundation for further exploration into alternative materials for grounding systems, with implications for improving the sustainability and reliability of electrical distribution networks in challenging environments.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Gunnar Sigvaldason 1985-"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Háskólinn í Reykjavík"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024-06-12T11:03:20Z","date_published":"2024-06-12T11:03:20Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:42:37Z","subjects":["Raforkuverkfræði","Meistaraprófsritgerðir","Viðnám","Eðlisviðnám","Rafleiðni","Ál","Jarðvegur","Electric power engineering","Electric resistance","Soils","Aluminum"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1946/47679","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Háskólinn í Reykjavík"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Gunnar Sigvaldason 1985-"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2024-06-12T11:03:20Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2024-06-12T11:03:20Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2024-06-12T11:03:20Z"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Raforkuverkfræði","Meistaraprófsritgerðir","Viðnám","Eðlisviðnám","Rafleiðni","Ál","Jarðvegur","Electric power engineering","Electric resistance","Soils","Aluminum"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/1946/47679"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["This thesis investigates the potential of an aluminum wire coated with semiconducting plastic material (AX-PRO) as a viable alternative to copper wire for use in grounding systems, particularly under Icelandic conditions. Copper has traditionally been the preferred material for grounding due to its excellent conductive properties, but its increasing cost and susceptibility to theft highlight the need for alternative solutions. This study evaluates the performance of AX-PRO wire through a series of measurements, simulations, and calculations, conducted at two distinct locations in Iceland: Hellisheiði power plant and Vatnsleysa in Biskupstunga. The research objectives include determining whether the AX-PRO wire can provide comparable earth resistance to copper, understanding the influence of Iceland’s harsh weather conditions, and assessing the impact of temperature changes on soil resistivity.The methodology encompasses installing both copper and AX-PRO electrodes at the test sites, performing empirical measurements, conducting simulations using advanced software, and calculating expected resistance values based on standard equations. The results indicate a significant difference in earth resistance between copper and AX-PRO, with the aluminum wire taking longer to achieve its full conductive capacity, especially in frozen soil. Over time, as the soil thawed and compacted around the electrodes, the difference decreased. Initially, calculations and simulations did not align with the measurement results, but the gap seemed to narrow significantly as soil resistivity decreased. It appears that the AX-PRO wire, despite initial issues, is a promising option for use as an earth electrode, although careful attention must be paid to its installation and ensuring proper soil compaction around it. Future work involves extending the measurement period to capture seasonal variations more comprehensively. Continued research aims to solidify AX-PRO’s viability in diverse conditions and contribute to the development of more sustainable and cost-effective grounding systems. By addressing these critical areas, this thesis provides a foundation for further exploration into alternative materials for grounding systems, with implications for improving the sustainability and reliability of electrical distribution networks in challenging environments.","Þessi meistararitgerð rannsakar möguleika álvírs, einangraðan með hálfleiðandi plasti yfir (AX-PRO), sem raunhæfan valkost til samanburðar við koparvír til notkunar í jarðskautskerfum, sérstaklega við íslenskar aðstæður. Kopar er talinn ákjósanlegasta efnið þegar kemur að jarðskautum vegna góðra eiginleika hans þegar kemur að leiðni, en hækkandi kostnaður og útsetning fyrir þjófnaði vekur þörf á öðrum valkostum. Þessi rannsókn skoðar eiginleika AX-PRO vírs til samanburðar við koparvír með því að framkvæma mælingar á viðnámi til jarðar ásamt hermunum og útreikningum til samanburðar. Mælingar verða framkvæmdar á tveimur mismunandi stöðum á Íslandi: við Hellisheiðarvirkjun og við Vatnsleysu í Biskupstungu. Rannsóknarmarkmiðin fela í sér að ákvarða hvort AX-PRO vírinn geti veitt sambærilegt viðnám til jarðar og kopar, skilja áhrif krefjandi veðurskilyrða á Íslandi, og meta áhrif hitabreytinga á jarðeðlisviðnám. Niðurstöður gefa til kynna þó nokkurn mun á jarðskautsviðnámi milli kopars og AX-PRO, þar sem álvírinn tekur lengri tíma að ná fullri leiðnigetu, sérstaklega í frosnum jarðvegi. Með tímanum, þegar jarðvegurinn þiðnaði og þjappaðist í kringum jarðskautin, minnkaði munurinn. Útreikningar og hermanir voru ekki í takt við mæliniðurstöður til að byrja með en bilið virtist jafnast tölvuvert þegar jarðeðlisvið- námið lækkaði. Svo virðist vera að AX-PRO vírinn, þrátt fyrir hnökra í upphafi, sé álitlegur kostur þegar kemur notkun sem jarðskaut en þó þarf að gæta vel að uppsetningu hans í upphafi og passa þéttleika jarðvegs í kringum hann. Rannsóknir framtíðar fela í sér að lengja rannsóknartímabilið til að fanga árstíðarsveiflur betur. Áframhaldandi rannsóknir miða að því að treysta á eiginleika AX-PRO við fjölbreyttar aðstæður og stuðla að þróun sjálfbærari og hagkvæmari jarðskautskerfa. Með því að rannsaka þessa nýju tegund jarðskautsvírs, gefur þessi rannsókn grunn að frekari rannsóknum á öðrum sviðum, sem ýta undir sjálfbærni og áreiðanleika rafdreifikerfa við íslenskar aðstæður."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Earth electrode resistance diagnosis and measurements","Jarðskautsviðnáms greiningar og mælingar"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Háskólinn í Reykjavík"],"dc:creator":["Gunnar Sigvaldason 1985-"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2024-06-12T11:03:20Z"],"dc:date.available":["2024-06-12T11:03:20Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2024-06-12T11:03:20Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["This thesis investigates the potential of an aluminum wire coated with semiconducting plastic material (AX-PRO) as a viable alternative to copper wire for use in grounding systems, particularly under Icelandic conditions. Copper has traditionally been the preferred material for grounding due to its excellent conductive properties, but its increasing cost and susceptibility to theft highlight the need for alternative solutions. This study evaluates the performance of AX-PRO wire through a series of measurements, simulations, and calculations, conducted at two distinct locations in Iceland: Hellisheiði power plant and Vatnsleysa in Biskupstunga. The research objectives include determining whether the AX-PRO wire can provide comparable earth resistance to copper, understanding the influence of Iceland’s harsh weather conditions, and assessing the impact of temperature changes on soil resistivity.The methodology encompasses installing both copper and AX-PRO electrodes at the test sites, performing empirical measurements, conducting simulations using advanced software, and calculating expected resistance values based on standard equations. The results indicate a significant difference in earth resistance between copper and AX-PRO, with the aluminum wire taking longer to achieve its full conductive capacity, especially in frozen soil. Over time, as the soil thawed and compacted around the electrodes, the difference decreased. Initially, calculations and simulations did not align with the measurement results, but the gap seemed to narrow significantly as soil resistivity decreased. It appears that the AX-PRO wire, despite initial issues, is a promising option for use as an earth electrode, although careful attention must be paid to its installation and ensuring proper soil compaction around it. Future work involves extending the measurement period to capture seasonal variations more comprehensively. Continued research aims to solidify AX-PRO’s viability in diverse conditions and contribute to the development of more sustainable and cost-effective grounding systems. By addressing these critical areas, this thesis provides a foundation for further exploration into alternative materials for grounding systems, with implications for improving the sustainability and reliability of electrical distribution networks in challenging environments.","Þessi meistararitgerð rannsakar möguleika álvírs, einangraðan með hálfleiðandi plasti yfir (AX-PRO), sem raunhæfan valkost til samanburðar við koparvír til notkunar í jarðskautskerfum, sérstaklega við íslenskar aðstæður. Kopar er talinn ákjósanlegasta efnið þegar kemur að jarðskautum vegna góðra eiginleika hans þegar kemur að leiðni, en hækkandi kostnaður og útsetning fyrir þjófnaði vekur þörf á öðrum valkostum. Þessi rannsókn skoðar eiginleika AX-PRO vírs til samanburðar við koparvír með því að framkvæma mælingar á viðnámi til jarðar ásamt hermunum og útreikningum til samanburðar. Mælingar verða framkvæmdar á tveimur mismunandi stöðum á Íslandi: við Hellisheiðarvirkjun og við Vatnsleysu í Biskupstungu. Rannsóknarmarkmiðin fela í sér að ákvarða hvort AX-PRO vírinn geti veitt sambærilegt viðnám til jarðar og kopar, skilja áhrif krefjandi veðurskilyrða á Íslandi, og meta áhrif hitabreytinga á jarðeðlisviðnám. Niðurstöður gefa til kynna þó nokkurn mun á jarðskautsviðnámi milli kopars og AX-PRO, þar sem álvírinn tekur lengri tíma að ná fullri leiðnigetu, sérstaklega í frosnum jarðvegi. Með tímanum, þegar jarðvegurinn þiðnaði og þjappaðist í kringum jarðskautin, minnkaði munurinn. Útreikningar og hermanir voru ekki í takt við mæliniðurstöður til að byrja með en bilið virtist jafnast tölvuvert þegar jarðeðlisvið- námið lækkaði. Svo virðist vera að AX-PRO vírinn, þrátt fyrir hnökra í upphafi, sé álitlegur kostur þegar kemur notkun sem jarðskaut en þó þarf að gæta vel að uppsetningu hans í upphafi og passa þéttleika jarðvegs í kringum hann. Rannsóknir framtíðar fela í sér að lengja rannsóknartímabilið til að fanga árstíðarsveiflur betur. Áframhaldandi rannsóknir miða að því að treysta á eiginleika AX-PRO við fjölbreyttar aðstæður og stuðla að þróun sjálfbærari og hagkvæmari jarðskautskerfa. Með því að rannsaka þessa nýju tegund jarðskautsvírs, gefur þessi rannsókn grunn að frekari rannsóknum á öðrum sviðum, sem ýta undir sjálfbærni og áreiðanleika rafdreifikerfa við íslenskar aðstæður."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/1946/47679"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:subject":["Raforkuverkfræði","Meistaraprófsritgerðir","Viðnám","Eðlisviðnám","Rafleiðni","Ál","Jarðvegur","Electric power engineering","Electric resistance","Soils","Aluminum"],"dc:title":["Earth electrode resistance diagnosis and measurements","Jarðskautsviðnáms greiningar og mælingar"],"dc:type":["Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:42:37Z"}