{"id":{"repo_id":"reykjavik","oai_identifier":"oai:skemman.is:1946/39443"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/reykjavik/oai:skemman.is:1946/39443","repository":{"repo_id":"reykjavik","name":"Reykjavík University","base_url":"https://skemman.is/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Techno-economic analysis of green ammonia production using offshore wind farms","abstract":"There is a great potential to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing hydrogen generated from fossil fuels with green hydrogen in ammonia production and replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector with this green ammonia. The analysis of the current work evaluated a total of 8 different scenarios of production, location and transport of green ammonia, considering a 2030 scenario in Europe for a 12 GW so-called energy island in the North Sea. Three different locations are considered for the conversion facilities: i) utterly offshore ammonia production, ii) utterly onshore ammonia production, and iii) offshore hydrogen production, followed by onshore conversion into ammonia. Four different interconnecting infrastructures are considered for the energy distribution: i) transmission of gaseous hydrogen via pipeline, ii) transmission of liquid ammonia via pipeline, iii) bunkering of ammonia, iv) transmission of electricity via high-voltage direct current cable. Two types of electrolysis technology are considered: alkaline (AEC) and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEC). These are assumed to have a capacity of 4 GW, to be fed with the peak load of the energy island and to operate at least at 10% of their capacity. The scenarios with SOEC were proven to have the best overall production efficiency, especially when combined with Haber-Bosch in the same plant, and are estimated to have a smaller CAPEX than AEC for a large electrolyser nominal power due to steeper economies of scale. Ammonia production offshore and distribution via bunkering resulted in the best production efficiency and smaller CAPEX, followed by transporting ammonia to shore via pipeline. The high cost of electrical transmission to shore and lower production efficiencies make the scenarios in which ammonia is produced onshore, and the hydrogen is produced offshore and converted to ammonia onshore less economically beneficial than the utterly offshore ammonia production. LCONH3 is higher than conventional ammonia for all scenarios. Green certificates can reduce LCONH3 enough to compete with conventional ammonia production for all scenarios. Carbon taxation with current market values is not enough to reduce LCONH3 to a competitive level. It would be necessary to have carbon taxation between 129-336 €/tonne of CO2 emitted to make all scenarios economically competitive.","abstract_html":"There is a great potential to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing hydrogen generated from fossil fuels with green hydrogen in ammonia production and replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector with this green ammonia. The analysis of the current work evaluated a total of 8 different scenarios of production, location and transport of green ammonia, considering a 2030 scenario in Europe for a 12 GW so-called energy island in the North Sea. Three different locations are considered for the conversion facilities: i) utterly offshore ammonia production, ii) utterly onshore ammonia production, and iii) offshore hydrogen production, followed by onshore conversion into ammonia. Four different interconnecting infrastructures are considered for the energy distribution: i) transmission of gaseous hydrogen via pipeline, ii) transmission of liquid ammonia via pipeline, iii) bunkering of ammonia, iv) transmission of electricity via high-voltage direct current cable. Two types of electrolysis technology are considered: alkaline (AEC) and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEC). These are assumed to have a capacity of 4 GW, to be fed with the peak load of the energy island and to operate at least at 10% of their capacity. The scenarios with SOEC were proven to have the best overall production efficiency, especially when combined with Haber-Bosch in the same plant, and are estimated to have a smaller CAPEX than AEC for a large electrolyser nominal power due to steeper economies of scale. Ammonia production offshore and distribution via bunkering resulted in the best production efficiency and smaller CAPEX, followed by transporting ammonia to shore via pipeline. The high cost of electrical transmission to shore and lower production efficiencies make the scenarios in which ammonia is produced onshore, and the hydrogen is produced offshore and converted to ammonia onshore less economically beneficial than the utterly offshore ammonia production. LCONH3 is higher than conventional ammonia for all scenarios. Green certificates can reduce LCONH3 enough to compete with conventional ammonia production for all scenarios. Carbon taxation with current market values is not enough to reduce LCONH3 to a competitive level. It would be necessary to have carbon taxation between 129-336 €/tonne of CO2 emitted to make all scenarios economically competitive.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mariana Monteiro Maia 1981-"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Háskólinn í Reykjavík"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-06-24T09:50:28Z","date_published":"2021-06-24T09:50:28Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:38:54Z","subjects":["Orkuverkfræði","Meistaraprófsritgerðir","Vindorka","Ammoníak","Endurnýjanleg orka","Sustainable energy engineering","Wind power","Renewable energy sources"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1946/39443","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Háskólinn í Reykjavík"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mariana Monteiro Maia 1981-"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2021-06-24T09:50:26Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2021-06-24T09:50:26Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2021-06-24T09:50:28Z"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Orkuverkfræði","Meistaraprófsritgerðir","Vindorka","Ammoníak","Endurnýjanleg orka","Sustainable energy engineering","Wind power","Renewable energy sources"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/1946/39443"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["There is a great potential to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing hydrogen generated from fossil fuels with green hydrogen in ammonia production and replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector with this green ammonia. The analysis of the current work evaluated a total of 8 different scenarios of production, location and transport of green ammonia, considering a 2030 scenario in Europe for a 12 GW so-called energy island in the North Sea. Three different locations are considered for the conversion facilities: i) utterly offshore ammonia production, ii) utterly onshore ammonia production, and iii) offshore hydrogen production, followed by onshore conversion into ammonia. Four different interconnecting infrastructures are considered for the energy distribution: i) transmission of gaseous hydrogen via pipeline, ii) transmission of liquid ammonia via pipeline, iii) bunkering of ammonia, iv) transmission of electricity via high-voltage direct current cable. Two types of electrolysis technology are considered: alkaline (AEC) and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEC). These are assumed to have a capacity of 4 GW, to be fed with the peak load of the energy island and to operate at least at 10% of their capacity. The scenarios with SOEC were proven to have the best overall production efficiency, especially when combined with Haber-Bosch in the same plant, and are estimated to have a smaller CAPEX than AEC for a large electrolyser nominal power due to steeper economies of scale. Ammonia production offshore and distribution via bunkering resulted in the best production efficiency and smaller CAPEX, followed by transporting ammonia to shore via pipeline. The high cost of electrical transmission to shore and lower production efficiencies make the scenarios in which ammonia is produced onshore, and the hydrogen is produced offshore and converted to ammonia onshore less economically beneficial than the utterly offshore ammonia production. LCONH3 is higher than conventional ammonia for all scenarios. Green certificates can reduce LCONH3 enough to compete with conventional ammonia production for all scenarios. Carbon taxation with current market values is not enough to reduce LCONH3 to a competitive level. It would be necessary to have carbon taxation between 129-336 €/tonne of CO2 emitted to make all scenarios economically competitive.","Hægt er að draga mikið úr losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda með því að framleiða ammoníak með vetni framleiddu með rafgreiningu með orku úr endurnýtanlegum orkugjöfum í stað vetnis framleiddu með orku úr jarðefnaeldsneyti. Greining þessi bar saman átta mismunandi útfærslur á framleiðslu og dreifingu græns ammoníaks, gert var ráð fyrir framkvæmd árið 2030, framleiðslu í Evrópu, vindmyllum í Norðursjó langt frá landi og framleiðslu á 12 GW orkueyju. Við framleiðslu ammoníaksins var borin saman framleiðsla ammoníaks á landi eða á sjó og blönduð leið þar sem vetni var framleitt á sjó og notað til ammoníaksframleiðslu á landi. Bornar voru saman fjórar mismunandi birgðakeðjur; flutingur með vetnis-eða ammoníakslögn, söfnun ammoníaks á sjó og flutningur rafmagns til lands um sæstreng. AEC/SOEC rafgreiningarferli voru borin saman fyrir hverja útfærslu á birgðakeðju, gert var ráð fyrir hámarks álagi yfir 8 GW og 4 GW rafgreini með 10% lágmarks álagi. SOEC hafði hæstu nýtnina, sérstaklega þegar Haber-Bosch ferlið var framkvæmt á sama stað. SOEC hefur einnig lægri áætlaðan CAPEX kostnað en AEC fyrir stóra rafgreina. Framleiðsla á grænu ammoníaki sem er að fullu á hafi úti hefur hæsta nýtni framleiðslu. Lægstan CAPEX kostnað hefur ammoníaks lögn til lands, útfærsla með söfnun ammoníaks fylgir í kjölfarið. Mikill kostnaður við lagningu sæstrengs til lands og lægri nýtni þegar blönduð aðferð er notuð veldur því að framleiðsla ammoníaks á hafi úti virðist hagkvæmust. Í öllum útfærslum er LCONH3 hærra en fyrir hefðbundna ammoníaksframleiðslu. Notkun vottaðrar grænnar orku getur dregið úr LCONH3 nógu mikið til þess að framleiðslan sé samkeppnishæf við hefðbundnar framleiðsluaðferðir í öllum útfærslum. Núverandi skattlagning kolefnislosunar er ekki nógu há til þess að gera græna ammoníaksframleiðslu samkeppnishæfa. Skattlagning á losun kolefnis þarf að vera €129-€336 á hvert tonn af CO2 til þess að grænt ammoníak verði samkeppnishæft."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Techno-economic analysis of green ammonia production using offshore wind farms"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Háskólinn í Reykjavík"],"dc:creator":["Mariana Monteiro Maia 1981-"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2021-06-24T09:50:26Z"],"dc:date.available":["2021-06-24T09:50:26Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2021-06-24T09:50:28Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["There is a great potential to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing hydrogen generated from fossil fuels with green hydrogen in ammonia production and replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector with this green ammonia. The analysis of the current work evaluated a total of 8 different scenarios of production, location and transport of green ammonia, considering a 2030 scenario in Europe for a 12 GW so-called energy island in the North Sea. Three different locations are considered for the conversion facilities: i) utterly offshore ammonia production, ii) utterly onshore ammonia production, and iii) offshore hydrogen production, followed by onshore conversion into ammonia. Four different interconnecting infrastructures are considered for the energy distribution: i) transmission of gaseous hydrogen via pipeline, ii) transmission of liquid ammonia via pipeline, iii) bunkering of ammonia, iv) transmission of electricity via high-voltage direct current cable. Two types of electrolysis technology are considered: alkaline (AEC) and solid oxide electrolysers (SOEC). These are assumed to have a capacity of 4 GW, to be fed with the peak load of the energy island and to operate at least at 10% of their capacity. The scenarios with SOEC were proven to have the best overall production efficiency, especially when combined with Haber-Bosch in the same plant, and are estimated to have a smaller CAPEX than AEC for a large electrolyser nominal power due to steeper economies of scale. Ammonia production offshore and distribution via bunkering resulted in the best production efficiency and smaller CAPEX, followed by transporting ammonia to shore via pipeline. The high cost of electrical transmission to shore and lower production efficiencies make the scenarios in which ammonia is produced onshore, and the hydrogen is produced offshore and converted to ammonia onshore less economically beneficial than the utterly offshore ammonia production. LCONH3 is higher than conventional ammonia for all scenarios. Green certificates can reduce LCONH3 enough to compete with conventional ammonia production for all scenarios. Carbon taxation with current market values is not enough to reduce LCONH3 to a competitive level. It would be necessary to have carbon taxation between 129-336 €/tonne of CO2 emitted to make all scenarios economically competitive.","Hægt er að draga mikið úr losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda með því að framleiða ammoníak með vetni framleiddu með rafgreiningu með orku úr endurnýtanlegum orkugjöfum í stað vetnis framleiddu með orku úr jarðefnaeldsneyti. Greining þessi bar saman átta mismunandi útfærslur á framleiðslu og dreifingu græns ammoníaks, gert var ráð fyrir framkvæmd árið 2030, framleiðslu í Evrópu, vindmyllum í Norðursjó langt frá landi og framleiðslu á 12 GW orkueyju. Við framleiðslu ammoníaksins var borin saman framleiðsla ammoníaks á landi eða á sjó og blönduð leið þar sem vetni var framleitt á sjó og notað til ammoníaksframleiðslu á landi. Bornar voru saman fjórar mismunandi birgðakeðjur; flutingur með vetnis-eða ammoníakslögn, söfnun ammoníaks á sjó og flutningur rafmagns til lands um sæstreng. AEC/SOEC rafgreiningarferli voru borin saman fyrir hverja útfærslu á birgðakeðju, gert var ráð fyrir hámarks álagi yfir 8 GW og 4 GW rafgreini með 10% lágmarks álagi. SOEC hafði hæstu nýtnina, sérstaklega þegar Haber-Bosch ferlið var framkvæmt á sama stað. SOEC hefur einnig lægri áætlaðan CAPEX kostnað en AEC fyrir stóra rafgreina. Framleiðsla á grænu ammoníaki sem er að fullu á hafi úti hefur hæsta nýtni framleiðslu. Lægstan CAPEX kostnað hefur ammoníaks lögn til lands, útfærsla með söfnun ammoníaks fylgir í kjölfarið. Mikill kostnaður við lagningu sæstrengs til lands og lægri nýtni þegar blönduð aðferð er notuð veldur því að framleiðsla ammoníaks á hafi úti virðist hagkvæmust. Í öllum útfærslum er LCONH3 hærra en fyrir hefðbundna ammoníaksframleiðslu. Notkun vottaðrar grænnar orku getur dregið úr LCONH3 nógu mikið til þess að framleiðslan sé samkeppnishæf við hefðbundnar framleiðsluaðferðir í öllum útfærslum. Núverandi skattlagning kolefnislosunar er ekki nógu há til þess að gera græna ammoníaksframleiðslu samkeppnishæfa. Skattlagning á losun kolefnis þarf að vera €129-€336 á hvert tonn af CO2 til þess að grænt ammoníak verði samkeppnishæft."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/1946/39443"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:subject":["Orkuverkfræði","Meistaraprófsritgerðir","Vindorka","Ammoníak","Endurnýjanleg orka","Sustainable energy engineering","Wind power","Renewable energy sources"],"dc:title":["Techno-economic analysis of green ammonia production using offshore wind farms"],"dc:type":["Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:38:54Z"}