{"id":{"repo_id":"ohiolink","oai_identifier":"oai:etd.ohiolink.edu:toledo1364470552"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/ohiolink/oai:etd.ohiolink.edu:toledo1364470552","repository":{"repo_id":"ohiolink","name":"OhioLINK","base_url":"https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/oai/oai"},"display":{"title":"The Effects of Cryotherapy on Quadriceps Corticospinal Excitability in Patients withPatellofemoral Pain","abstract":"Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if cryotherapy can alter quadriceps corticospinal excitability in patients with patellofemoral pain. Design and Setting: A blinded, crossover study was conducted in a laboratory setting. Subjects: Eight patients (1 male, 7 females; 19.6±1.11 years; 163.37±10.27 cm; 59.53±10.11 kg) with patellofemoral pain received a control and cryotherapy intervention. The order in which the patients received the interventions was randomly assigned between two sessions. Procedure: Outcome measures were administered before the intervention and at 10, 20, 35, and 50 minutes after the start of the intervention for both sessions. Patients were positioned in a Biodex System III Pro dynamometer during excitability testing. Corticospinal excitability was estimated with transcranial magnetic stimulation by collecting five motor evoked potentials (MEPs) at active motor threshold (AMT), 120% of AMT, and at 120% of baseline AMT. MEP’s were normalized to maximum muscle response. During the cryotherapy condition, a Certified Athletic Trainer applied two, 1.5 liter ice bags, to the anterior and posterior aspect of the knee for 20 minutes. Patients sat quietly in the same position for 20 minutes during the control session. Separate 2x4 ANOVA’s with repeated measures on time were conducted to determine differences between conditions over time for all three dependent variable percent change scores. Paired t-tests were conducted in the occurrence of a significant interaction. Cohen’s d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pre to posttest change scores for the cryotherapy and control conditions. Results: No significant main effects were found for condition or time for all variables. There was a significant interaction for time by condition for changes in AMT (F1,1.951=4.483, p= .021). Post-hoc paired t-tests indicated no significant changes in AMT from baseline for all time points. A moderate effect (d= -0.41, 95% confidence interval -1.40, 0.64) occurred at 50 minutes into the cryotherapy condition for changes from baseline, but the confidence interval rosses zero. Conclusion: From the results of this study, we can conclude that cryotherapy may not have an effect on corticospinal excitability of the quadriceps in patients with patellofermoral pain. Although it does not seem that cryotherapy affects corticospinal excitability, it is imperative to continue researching possible solutions to enhance corticospinal excitability following joint injury.","abstract_html":"Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if cryotherapy can alter quadriceps corticospinal excitability in patients with patellofemoral pain. Design and Setting: A blinded, crossover study was conducted in a laboratory setting. Subjects: Eight patients (1 male, 7 females; 19.6±1.11 years; 163.37±10.27 cm; 59.53±10.11 kg) with patellofemoral pain received a control and cryotherapy intervention. The order in which the patients received the interventions was randomly assigned between two sessions. Procedure: Outcome measures were administered before the intervention and at 10, 20, 35, and 50 minutes after the start of the intervention for both sessions. Patients were positioned in a Biodex System III Pro dynamometer during excitability testing. Corticospinal excitability was estimated with transcranial magnetic stimulation by collecting five motor evoked potentials (MEPs) at active motor threshold (AMT), 120% of AMT, and at 120% of baseline AMT. MEP’s were normalized to maximum muscle response. During the cryotherapy condition, a Certified Athletic Trainer applied two, 1.5 liter ice bags, to the anterior and posterior aspect of the knee for 20 minutes. Patients sat quietly in the same position for 20 minutes during the control session. Separate 2x4 ANOVA’s with repeated measures on time were conducted to determine differences between conditions over time for all three dependent variable percent change scores. Paired t-tests were conducted in the occurrence of a significant interaction. Cohen’s d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pre to posttest change scores for the cryotherapy and control conditions. Results: No significant main effects were found for condition or time for all variables. There was a significant interaction for time by condition for changes in AMT (F1,1.951=4.483, p= .021). Post-hoc paired t-tests indicated no significant changes in AMT from baseline for all time points. A moderate effect (d= -0.41, 95% confidence interval -1.40, 0.64) occurred at 50 minutes into the cryotherapy condition for changes from baseline, but the confidence interval rosses zero. Conclusion: From the results of this study, we can conclude that cryotherapy may not have an effect on corticospinal excitability of the quadriceps in patients with patellofermoral pain. Although it does not seem that cryotherapy affects corticospinal excitability, it is imperative to continue researching possible solutions to enhance corticospinal excitability following joint injury.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Johnston, Christopher David"],"institution":"University of Toledo","degree_name":"Master of Science in Exercise Science","degree_level":"masters","degree_discipline":"Exercise Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Pietrosimone , Brian"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2013,"date_issued":"2013-08-22","date_published":"2013-08-22","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:37:16Z","subjects":["Kinesiology"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["unrestricted","This thesis or dissertation is protected by copyright: all rights reserved. It may not be copied or redistributed beyond the terms of applicable copyright laws."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1364470552","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Pietrosimone , Brian"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Johnston, Christopher David"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2013-08-22"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["University of Toledo / OhioLINK"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Exercise Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Exercise Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Toledo"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Kinesiology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["unrestricted","This thesis or dissertation is protected by copyright: all rights reserved. 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Procedure: Outcome measures were administered before the intervention and at 10, 20, 35, and 50 minutes after the start of the intervention for both sessions. Patients were positioned in a Biodex System III Pro dynamometer during excitability testing. Corticospinal excitability was estimated with transcranial magnetic stimulation by collecting five motor evoked potentials (MEPs) at active motor threshold (AMT), 120% of AMT, and at 120% of baseline AMT. MEP’s were normalized to maximum muscle response. During the cryotherapy condition, a Certified Athletic Trainer applied two, 1.5 liter ice bags, to the anterior and posterior aspect of the knee for 20 minutes. Patients sat quietly in the same position for 20 minutes during the control session. Separate 2x4 ANOVA’s with repeated measures on time were conducted to determine differences between conditions over time for all three dependent variable percent change scores. Paired t-tests were conducted in the occurrence of a significant interaction. Cohen’s d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pre to posttest change scores for the cryotherapy and control conditions. Results: No significant main effects were found for condition or time for all variables. There was a significant interaction for time by condition for changes in AMT (F1,1.951=4.483, p= .021). Post-hoc paired t-tests indicated no significant changes in AMT from baseline for all time points. A moderate effect (d= -0.41, 95% confidence interval -1.40, 0.64) occurred at 50 minutes into the cryotherapy condition for changes from baseline, but the confidence interval rosses zero. Conclusion: From the results of this study, we can conclude that cryotherapy may not have an effect on corticospinal excitability of the quadriceps in patients with patellofermoral pain. Although it does not seem that cryotherapy affects corticospinal excitability, it is imperative to continue researching possible solutions to enhance corticospinal excitability following joint injury."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf","666.2 KB"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Effects of Cryotherapy on Quadriceps Corticospinal Excitability in Patients withPatellofemoral Pain"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Pietrosimone , Brian"],"dc:creator":["Johnston, Christopher David"],"dc:date":["2013-08-22"],"dc:description":["Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if cryotherapy can alter quadriceps corticospinal excitability in patients with patellofemoral pain. Design and Setting: A blinded, crossover study was conducted in a laboratory setting. Subjects: Eight patients (1 male, 7 females; 19.6±1.11 years; 163.37±10.27 cm; 59.53±10.11 kg) with patellofemoral pain received a control and cryotherapy intervention. The order in which the patients received the interventions was randomly assigned between two sessions. Procedure: Outcome measures were administered before the intervention and at 10, 20, 35, and 50 minutes after the start of the intervention for both sessions. Patients were positioned in a Biodex System III Pro dynamometer during excitability testing. Corticospinal excitability was estimated with transcranial magnetic stimulation by collecting five motor evoked potentials (MEPs) at active motor threshold (AMT), 120% of AMT, and at 120% of baseline AMT. MEP’s were normalized to maximum muscle response. During the cryotherapy condition, a Certified Athletic Trainer applied two, 1.5 liter ice bags, to the anterior and posterior aspect of the knee for 20 minutes. Patients sat quietly in the same position for 20 minutes during the control session. Separate 2x4 ANOVA’s with repeated measures on time were conducted to determine differences between conditions over time for all three dependent variable percent change scores. Paired t-tests were conducted in the occurrence of a significant interaction. Cohen’s d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for pre to posttest change scores for the cryotherapy and control conditions. Results: No significant main effects were found for condition or time for all variables. There was a significant interaction for time by condition for changes in AMT (F1,1.951=4.483, p= .021). Post-hoc paired t-tests indicated no significant changes in AMT from baseline for all time points. A moderate effect (d= -0.41, 95% confidence interval -1.40, 0.64) occurred at 50 minutes into the cryotherapy condition for changes from baseline, but the confidence interval rosses zero. Conclusion: From the results of this study, we can conclude that cryotherapy may not have an effect on corticospinal excitability of the quadriceps in patients with patellofermoral pain. Although it does not seem that cryotherapy affects corticospinal excitability, it is imperative to continue researching possible solutions to enhance corticospinal excitability following joint injury."],"dc:format":["application/pdf","666.2 KB"],"dc:identifier":["http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1364470552"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:publisher":["University of Toledo / OhioLINK"],"dc:rights":["unrestricted","This thesis or dissertation is protected by copyright: all rights reserved. It may not be copied or redistributed beyond the terms of applicable copyright laws."],"dc:subject":["Kinesiology"],"dc:title":["The Effects of Cryotherapy on Quadriceps Corticospinal Excitability in Patients withPatellofemoral Pain"],"dc:type":["Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Exercise Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Exercise Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Toledo"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:37:16Z"}