{"id":{"repo_id":"ohiolink","oai_identifier":"oai:etd.ohiolink.edu:case1364983500"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/ohiolink/oai:etd.ohiolink.edu:case1364983500","repository":{"repo_id":"ohiolink","name":"OhioLINK","base_url":"https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/oai/oai"},"display":{"title":"OXIDATION AND REDUCTION SYNTHESIS OF SURFACE ENHANCED TITANIUM-BASED ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS","abstract":"Capacitors are important for use in electrical energy management in low and high-frequency applications. Electrolytic capacitors with high energy density have the potential to be used for efficient energy management in electrical power supplies and for supplying power pulses, for example in spot welders. Titanium-based oxides with high dielectric constants are candidate for the dielectric layer in electrolytic capacitors. The research in the thesis focuses on fabrication methods to form surface-enhanced titanium-based electrodes with sub-micrometer branch and pore sizes for highly surface-enhanced capacitor electrodes. When anodized they can serve as potential anodes in electrolytic capacitors. Oxidation of the surface layer on titanium followed by reduction is a conversion method by which fine-porous, highly surface-enhanced electrodes can be made. Alkali earth metals with high oxygen affinity were selected to reduce titanium dioxide. The experiments reveal that mostly alkali–earth-metal-titanates were formed during the reduction process. Full reduction to metallic porous titanium is achieved only with calcium as a reductant and with calcium chloride as a catalyst for dissolving CaO reaction barrier. The dielectric properties of subsequently formed anodic oxide films on these electrodes depend on retained alkali-earth element in the reduced titanium or partially reduced titanate oxides. Both CaTiO3-x and SrTiO3-x formed during the calcium- and strontium-reduction processes improved the capacitances of anodized electrodes. When calcium chloride was included during the calcium reduction process TiO2 was fully reduced to porous titanium. The fine-porous structure yielded electrodes with high surface areas and high capacitances.","abstract_html":"Capacitors are important for use in electrical energy management in low and high-frequency applications. Electrolytic capacitors with high energy density have the potential to be used for efficient energy management in electrical power supplies and for supplying power pulses, for example in spot welders. Titanium-based oxides with high dielectric constants are candidate for the dielectric layer in electrolytic capacitors. The research in the thesis focuses on fabrication methods to form surface-enhanced titanium-based electrodes with sub-micrometer branch and pore sizes for highly surface-enhanced capacitor electrodes. When anodized they can serve as potential anodes in electrolytic capacitors. Oxidation of the surface layer on titanium followed by reduction is a conversion method by which fine-porous, highly surface-enhanced electrodes can be made. Alkali earth metals with high oxygen affinity were selected to reduce titanium dioxide. The experiments reveal that mostly alkali–earth-metal-titanates were formed during the reduction process. Full reduction to metallic porous titanium is achieved only with calcium as a reductant and with calcium chloride as a catalyst for dissolving CaO reaction barrier. The dielectric properties of subsequently formed anodic oxide films on these electrodes depend on retained alkali-earth element in the reduced titanium or partially reduced titanate oxides. Both CaTiO3-x and SrTiO3-x formed during the calcium- and strontium-reduction processes improved the capacitances of anodized electrodes. When calcium chloride was included during the calcium reduction process TiO2 was fully reduced to porous titanium. The fine-porous structure yielded electrodes with high surface areas and high capacitances.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Chen, Li-Ju"],"institution":"Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","degree_level":"doctoral","degree_discipline":"Materials Science and Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Welsch, Gerhard","Liu, Chung-Chiun"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2013,"date_issued":"2013-08-16","date_published":"2013-08-16","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:37:16Z","subjects":["Materials Science"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["unrestricted","This thesis or dissertation is protected by copyright: all rights reserved. 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It may not be copied or redistributed beyond the terms of applicable copyright laws."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1364983500"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Capacitors are important for use in electrical energy management in low and high-frequency applications. Electrolytic capacitors with high energy density have the potential to be used for efficient energy management in electrical power supplies and for supplying power pulses, for example in spot welders. Titanium-based oxides with high dielectric constants are candidate for the dielectric layer in electrolytic capacitors. The research in the thesis focuses on fabrication methods to form surface-enhanced titanium-based electrodes with sub-micrometer branch and pore sizes for highly surface-enhanced capacitor electrodes. When anodized they can serve as potential anodes in electrolytic capacitors. Oxidation of the surface layer on titanium followed by reduction is a conversion method by which fine-porous, highly surface-enhanced electrodes can be made. Alkali earth metals with high oxygen affinity were selected to reduce titanium dioxide. The experiments reveal that mostly alkali–earth-metal-titanates were formed during the reduction process. Full reduction to metallic porous titanium is achieved only with calcium as a reductant and with calcium chloride as a catalyst for dissolving CaO reaction barrier. The dielectric properties of subsequently formed anodic oxide films on these electrodes depend on retained alkali-earth element in the reduced titanium or partially reduced titanate oxides. Both CaTiO3-x and SrTiO3-x formed during the calcium- and strontium-reduction processes improved the capacitances of anodized electrodes. When calcium chloride was included during the calcium reduction process TiO2 was fully reduced to porous titanium. The fine-porous structure yielded electrodes with high surface areas and high capacitances."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf","15.69 MB"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["OXIDATION AND REDUCTION SYNTHESIS OF SURFACE ENHANCED TITANIUM-BASED ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Welsch, Gerhard","Liu, Chung-Chiun"],"dc:creator":["Chen, Li-Ju"],"dc:date":["2013-08-16"],"dc:description":["Capacitors are important for use in electrical energy management in low and high-frequency applications. Electrolytic capacitors with high energy density have the potential to be used for efficient energy management in electrical power supplies and for supplying power pulses, for example in spot welders. Titanium-based oxides with high dielectric constants are candidate for the dielectric layer in electrolytic capacitors. The research in the thesis focuses on fabrication methods to form surface-enhanced titanium-based electrodes with sub-micrometer branch and pore sizes for highly surface-enhanced capacitor electrodes. When anodized they can serve as potential anodes in electrolytic capacitors. Oxidation of the surface layer on titanium followed by reduction is a conversion method by which fine-porous, highly surface-enhanced electrodes can be made. Alkali earth metals with high oxygen affinity were selected to reduce titanium dioxide. The experiments reveal that mostly alkali–earth-metal-titanates were formed during the reduction process. Full reduction to metallic porous titanium is achieved only with calcium as a reductant and with calcium chloride as a catalyst for dissolving CaO reaction barrier. The dielectric properties of subsequently formed anodic oxide films on these electrodes depend on retained alkali-earth element in the reduced titanium or partially reduced titanate oxides. Both CaTiO3-x and SrTiO3-x formed during the calcium- and strontium-reduction processes improved the capacitances of anodized electrodes. When calcium chloride was included during the calcium reduction process TiO2 was fully reduced to porous titanium. The fine-porous structure yielded electrodes with high surface areas and high capacitances."],"dc:format":["application/pdf","15.69 MB"],"dc:identifier":["http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1364983500"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:publisher":["Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK"],"dc:rights":["unrestricted","This thesis or dissertation is protected by copyright: all rights reserved. It may not be copied or redistributed beyond the terms of applicable copyright laws."],"dc:subject":["Materials Science"],"dc:title":["OXIDATION AND REDUCTION SYNTHESIS OF SURFACE ENHANCED TITANIUM-BASED ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS"],"dc:type":["Electronic Thesis or Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Materials Science and Engineering"],"thesis:degree_level":["doctoral"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy"],"thesis:institution_name":["Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:37:16Z"}