Young drivers are specifically poor at maintaining attention to the forward roadway while driving. Additionally, drivers are poorly calibrated to their own abilities, often overestimating their driving skills. The current research examines the effect of FOCAL on a young driver’s calibration using two different measures, normalized difference scores and the Brier score. Thirty-six participants received either FOCAL or Placebo training program, immediately followed by driving simulator evaluation of their attention maintenance performance. In the evaluation drive, participants had driven through four scenarios in a driving simulator with their eyes tracked. Participants were asked to perform a mock visual search task on a tablet simulating an infotainment in-vehicle system while driving in each scenario. After each drive, participants filled out a questionnaire for the Brier score. Once all drives were complete, the participant filled out one final questionnaire used for the normalized proportion of glances. FOCAL trained drivers performed better than Placebo trained drivers on attention maintenance and were greater calibrated using the normalized proportions measure. The brier score measure did not find any significant differences. Theoretical and practical implications and future directions are discussed.
","abstract_html":"<p>Young drivers are specifically poor at maintaining attention to the forward roadway while driving. Additionally, drivers are poorly calibrated to their own abilities, often overestimating their driving skills. The current research examines the effect of FOCAL on a young driver’s calibration using two different measures, normalized difference scores and the Brier score. Thirty-six participants received either FOCAL or Placebo training program, immediately followed by driving simulator evaluation of their attention maintenance performance. In the evaluation drive, participants had driven through four scenarios in a driving simulator with their eyes tracked. Participants were asked to perform a mock visual search task on a tablet simulating an infotainment in-vehicle system while driving in each scenario. After each drive, participants filled out a questionnaire for the Brier score. Once all drives were complete, the participant filled out one final questionnaire used for the normalized proportion of glances. FOCAL trained drivers performed better than Placebo trained drivers on attention maintenance and were greater calibrated using the normalized proportions measure. The brier score measure did not find any significant differences. Theoretical and practical implications and future directions are discussed.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Unverricht, James Richard"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Yusuke Yamani","Jing Chen","Xiaoxiao Hu","William Horrey"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2019,"date_issued":"2019-07-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2019-07-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:35:30Z","subjects":["Attention maintenance","Calibration","FOCAL","Training","Transportation","Young drivers","Cognitive Psychology","Human Factors Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9781392769614"],"render_values":[{"text":"9781392769614","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/337","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Yusuke Yamani","Jing Chen","Xiaoxiao Hu","William Horrey"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Unverricht, James Richard"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2020-02-03T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Attention maintenance","Calibration","FOCAL","Training","Transportation","Young drivers","Cognitive Psychology","Human Factors Psychology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9781392769614","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/337"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Young drivers are specifically poor at maintaining attention to the forward roadway while driving. Additionally, drivers are poorly calibrated to their own abilities, often overestimating their driving skills. The current research examines the effect of FOCAL on a young driver’s calibration using two different measures, normalized difference scores and the Brier score. Thirty-six participants received either FOCAL or Placebo training program, immediately followed by driving simulator evaluation of their attention maintenance performance. In the evaluation drive, participants had driven through four scenarios in a driving simulator with their eyes tracked. Participants were asked to perform a mock visual search task on a tablet simulating an infotainment in-vehicle system while driving in each scenario. After each drive, participants filled out a questionnaire for the Brier score. Once all drives were complete, the participant filled out one final questionnaire used for the normalized proportion of glances. FOCAL trained drivers performed better than Placebo trained drivers on attention maintenance and were greater calibrated using the normalized proportions measure. The brier score measure did not find any significant differences. Theoretical and practical implications and future directions are discussed.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Effects of Focal on Driver Calibration of Attention Maintenance Performance Using Normalized Difference and Brier Scores"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Yusuke Yamani","Jing Chen","Xiaoxiao Hu","William Horrey"],"dc:creator":["Unverricht, James Richard"],"dc:date.available":["2020-02-03T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Young drivers are specifically poor at maintaining attention to the forward roadway while driving. Additionally, drivers are poorly calibrated to their own abilities, often overestimating their driving skills. The current research examines the effect of FOCAL on a young driver’s calibration using two different measures, normalized difference scores and the Brier score. Thirty-six participants received either FOCAL or Placebo training program, immediately followed by driving simulator evaluation of their attention maintenance performance. In the evaluation drive, participants had driven through four scenarios in a driving simulator with their eyes tracked. Participants were asked to perform a mock visual search task on a tablet simulating an infotainment in-vehicle system while driving in each scenario. After each drive, participants filled out a questionnaire for the Brier score. Once all drives were complete, the participant filled out one final questionnaire used for the normalized proportion of glances. FOCAL trained drivers performed better than Placebo trained drivers on attention maintenance and were greater calibrated using the normalized proportions measure. The brier score measure did not find any significant differences. Theoretical and practical implications and future directions are discussed.
"],"dc:identifier":["9781392769614","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/337"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"],"dc:subject":["Attention maintenance","Calibration","FOCAL","Training","Transportation","Young drivers","Cognitive Psychology","Human Factors Psychology"],"dc:title":["Effects of Focal on Driver Calibration of Attention Maintenance Performance Using Normalized Difference and Brier Scores"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:35:30Z"}