Perinatal depression has been recognized as a public health problem in the United States, which is important because of the demonstrated wide-reaching negative effects of maternal depression on child outcomes. Some evidence suggests that maternal depression is a risk factor for executive dysfunction in children. By contrast, there is abundant evidence that maternal depression is a risk factor for later child depression. Therefore, this study focuses on executive dysfunction in children as a potential trait marker for later depression in childhood and adolescence, utilizing data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Participants were from 10 locations around the United States. Measures assessed postnatal depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), inhibition in children (Conners Continuous Performance Test, CPT), inhibition and information updating in children (Tower of Hanoi, TOH, and Tower of London, TOL), inhibition and set shifting in children (Stroop Test), and internalizing behaviors in children (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL). Maternal depression was grouped based on trajectory: no depression, postpartum depression, early childhood depression, and chronic depression. A series of ANCOVAs and MANCOVAs were conducted to examine: a) whether early chronic maternal depression would be associated with lower scores on measures of executive function among children in 1st grade, 4th grade, 5th grade, and at 15 years of age; and b) whether children with depressed mothers who experience executive dysfunction would be more likely to experience subsequent depressive symptoms; that is, whether the relationship between maternal depression and later child internalizing behaviors would be mediated by child executive dysfunction. Overall, findings revealed that all courses of maternal depression were associated with later child depression and child inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 1 in males only. Additionally, early childhood and chronic depression were associated with inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 5 in males. Other exploratory analyses are discussed.
","abstract_html":"<p>Perinatal depression has been recognized as a public health problem in the United States, which is important because of the demonstrated wide-reaching negative effects of maternal depression on child outcomes. Some evidence suggests that maternal depression is a risk factor for executive dysfunction in children. By contrast, there is abundant evidence that maternal depression is a risk factor for later child depression. Therefore, this study focuses on executive dysfunction in children as a potential trait marker for later depression in childhood and adolescence, utilizing data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Participants were from 10 locations around the United States. Measures assessed postnatal depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), inhibition in children (Conners Continuous Performance Test, CPT), inhibition and information updating in children (Tower of Hanoi, TOH, and Tower of London, TOL), inhibition and set shifting in children (Stroop Test), and internalizing behaviors in children (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL). Maternal depression was grouped based on trajectory: no depression, postpartum depression, early childhood depression, and chronic depression. A series of ANCOVAs and MANCOVAs were conducted to examine: a) whether early chronic maternal depression would be associated with lower scores on measures of executive function among children in 1st grade, 4th grade, 5th grade, and at 15 years of age; and b) whether children with depressed mothers who experience executive dysfunction would be more likely to experience subsequent depressive symptoms; that is, whether the relationship between maternal depression and later child internalizing behaviors would be mediated by child executive dysfunction. Overall, findings revealed that all courses of maternal depression were associated with later child depression and child inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 1 in males only. Additionally, early childhood and chronic depression were associated with inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 5 in males. Other exploratory analyses are discussed.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Oettinger, Emily"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["James F. Paulson (Director)","J. D. Ball (Eastern Virginia Medical School)","Michelle L. Kelley","Desideria S. Hacker (Norfolk State University)","Richard W. Handel (Eastern Virginia Medical School)"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-07-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-07-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:33:54Z","subjects":["Child development","Executive dysfunction","Executive functioning development","Maternal depression","Postpartum depression","Clinical Psychology","Developmental Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9781369144482"],"render_values":[{"text":"9781369144482","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/33","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["James F. Paulson (Director)","J. D. Ball (Eastern Virginia Medical School)","Michelle L. Kelley","Desideria S. Hacker (Norfolk State University)","Richard W. Handel (Eastern Virginia Medical School)"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Oettinger, Emily"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2016-10-17T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Child development","Executive dysfunction","Executive functioning development","Maternal depression","Postpartum depression","Clinical Psychology","Developmental Psychology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9781369144482","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/33"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Perinatal depression has been recognized as a public health problem in the United States, which is important because of the demonstrated wide-reaching negative effects of maternal depression on child outcomes. Some evidence suggests that maternal depression is a risk factor for executive dysfunction in children. By contrast, there is abundant evidence that maternal depression is a risk factor for later child depression. Therefore, this study focuses on executive dysfunction in children as a potential trait marker for later depression in childhood and adolescence, utilizing data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Participants were from 10 locations around the United States. Measures assessed postnatal depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), inhibition in children (Conners Continuous Performance Test, CPT), inhibition and information updating in children (Tower of Hanoi, TOH, and Tower of London, TOL), inhibition and set shifting in children (Stroop Test), and internalizing behaviors in children (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL). Maternal depression was grouped based on trajectory: no depression, postpartum depression, early childhood depression, and chronic depression. A series of ANCOVAs and MANCOVAs were conducted to examine: a) whether early chronic maternal depression would be associated with lower scores on measures of executive function among children in 1st grade, 4th grade, 5th grade, and at 15 years of age; and b) whether children with depressed mothers who experience executive dysfunction would be more likely to experience subsequent depressive symptoms; that is, whether the relationship between maternal depression and later child internalizing behaviors would be mediated by child executive dysfunction. Overall, findings revealed that all courses of maternal depression were associated with later child depression and child inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 1 in males only. Additionally, early childhood and chronic depression were associated with inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 5 in males. Other exploratory analyses are discussed.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Executive Dysfunction as a Trait Marker for Depression in Children and Adolescents"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["James F. Paulson (Director)","J. D. Ball (Eastern Virginia Medical School)","Michelle L. Kelley","Desideria S. Hacker (Norfolk State University)","Richard W. Handel (Eastern Virginia Medical School)"],"dc:creator":["Oettinger, Emily"],"dc:date.available":["2016-10-17T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Perinatal depression has been recognized as a public health problem in the United States, which is important because of the demonstrated wide-reaching negative effects of maternal depression on child outcomes. Some evidence suggests that maternal depression is a risk factor for executive dysfunction in children. By contrast, there is abundant evidence that maternal depression is a risk factor for later child depression. Therefore, this study focuses on executive dysfunction in children as a potential trait marker for later depression in childhood and adolescence, utilizing data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Participants were from 10 locations around the United States. Measures assessed postnatal depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D), inhibition in children (Conners Continuous Performance Test, CPT), inhibition and information updating in children (Tower of Hanoi, TOH, and Tower of London, TOL), inhibition and set shifting in children (Stroop Test), and internalizing behaviors in children (Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL). Maternal depression was grouped based on trajectory: no depression, postpartum depression, early childhood depression, and chronic depression. A series of ANCOVAs and MANCOVAs were conducted to examine: a) whether early chronic maternal depression would be associated with lower scores on measures of executive function among children in 1st grade, 4th grade, 5th grade, and at 15 years of age; and b) whether children with depressed mothers who experience executive dysfunction would be more likely to experience subsequent depressive symptoms; that is, whether the relationship between maternal depression and later child internalizing behaviors would be mediated by child executive dysfunction. Overall, findings revealed that all courses of maternal depression were associated with later child depression and child inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 1 in males only. Additionally, early childhood and chronic depression were associated with inhibition and information updating deficits at grade 5 in males. Other exploratory analyses are discussed.
"],"dc:identifier":["9781369144482","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/psychology_etds/33"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"],"dc:subject":["Child development","Executive dysfunction","Executive functioning development","Maternal depression","Postpartum depression","Clinical Psychology","Developmental Psychology"],"dc:title":["Executive Dysfunction as a Trait Marker for Depression in Children and Adolescents"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:33:54Z"}