The electric (GE) and magnetic ( GM) form factors of the proton are fundamental observables which characterize its charge and magnetization distributions. There are two methods to measure the proton form factors: the Rosenbluth separation method and the polarization transfer technique. However, the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors measured by those methods significantly disagree at momentum transfer Q2 > 1 GeV2. The most likely explanation of this discrepancy is the inclusion of two-photon exchange (TPE) amplitude contributions to the elastic electron-proton cross section which significantly changes the extraction of GE from the Rosenbluth separation measurement. The Jefferson Lab CLAS TPE experiment determined the TPE contribution by measuring the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections. The primary electron beam was used to create an intense bremsstrahlung photon beam. Some of the photons were then converted to a mixed e+/ e- beam which then interacted with a liquid hydrogen target. The e+p and e-p events were detected by the CLAS (CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer). The elastic cross section ratios ((σ( e+p)/(σ(e -p)) were measured over a wide range of virtual photon polarization ϵ and Q2.
The cross section ratios displayed a strong ϵ dependence at Q2 = 1.45 GeV2. There is no significant Q2 dependence observed at ϵ = 0.45. The results are consistent with a recent measurement at the VEPP-3 lepton storage ring in Novosibirsk and with the hadronic calculation by Blunders, Melnitchouk and Tjon. The hadronic calculation resolves the disagreement between the Rosenbluth separation and polarization transfer extractions of GE/GM at Q2 up to 2 – 3 GeV2. Applying the GLAS TPE correction to the Rosenbluth cross section measurements significantly decreases the extracted value of GE and brings it into good agreement with the polarization transfer measurement at Q2∼1.75 GeV2. Thus, these measurements appear to resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy for Q2 < 2 GeV2.
","abstract_html":"<p>The electric (<em>GE</em>) and magnetic (<em> GM</em>) form factors of the proton are fundamental observables which characterize its charge and magnetization distributions. There are two methods to measure the proton form factors: the Rosenbluth separation method and the polarization transfer technique. However, the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors measured by those methods significantly disagree at momentum transfer <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup> > 1 GeV<sup>2</sup>. The most likely explanation of this discrepancy is the inclusion of two-photon exchange (TPE) amplitude contributions to the elastic electron-proton cross section which significantly changes the extraction of <em>GE</em> from the Rosenbluth separation measurement. The Jefferson Lab CLAS TPE experiment determined the TPE contribution by measuring the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections. The primary electron beam was used to create an intense bremsstrahlung photon beam. Some of the photons were then converted to a mixed <em>e</em>+/<em> e</em>- beam which then interacted with a liquid hydrogen target. The <em>e</em>+<em>p</em> and <em>e</em>-<em>p</em> events were detected by the CLAS (CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer). The elastic cross section ratios ((σ(<em> e</em>+<em>p</em>)/(σ(<em>e</em> -<em>p</em>)) were measured over a wide range of virtual photon polarization <em>ϵ</em> and <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup>.</p> <p>The cross section ratios displayed a strong <em>ϵ</em> dependence at <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup> = 1.45 GeV<sup>2</sup>. There is no significant <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup> dependence observed at <em>ϵ</em> = 0.45. The results are consistent with a recent measurement at the VEPP-3 lepton storage ring in Novosibirsk and with the hadronic calculation by Blunders, Melnitchouk and Tjon. The hadronic calculation resolves the disagreement between the Rosenbluth separation and polarization transfer extractions of <em>GE/GM</em> at <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup> up to 2 – 3 GeV<sup>2</sup>. Applying the GLAS TPE correction to the Rosenbluth cross section measurements significantly decreases the extracted value of <em>GE</em> and brings it into good agreement with the polarization transfer measurement at <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup>∼1.75 GeV<sup>2</sup>. Thus, these measurements appear to resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy for <em>Q</em><sup>2</sup> < 2 GeV<sup>2</sup>.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Adikaram, Dasuni Kalhari"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Physics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Lawrence Weinstein","Leposava Vuskovic","Gail E. Dodge","Anatoly Radyushkin","Hussein M. Abdel-Wahab"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-04-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2014-04-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:34:11Z","subjects":["Two photon exchange","Electron-proton scattering","Proton form factor","Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory","Nuclear"],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9781303983795"],"render_values":[{"text":"9781303983795","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/physics_etds/26","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Lawrence Weinstein","Leposava Vuskovic","Gail E. Dodge","Anatoly Radyushkin","Hussein M. Abdel-Wahab"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Adikaram, Dasuni Kalhari"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-02-20T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Physics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Two photon exchange","Electron-proton scattering","Proton form factor","Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory","Nuclear"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9781303983795","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/physics_etds/26"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The electric (GE) and magnetic ( GM) form factors of the proton are fundamental observables which characterize its charge and magnetization distributions. There are two methods to measure the proton form factors: the Rosenbluth separation method and the polarization transfer technique. However, the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors measured by those methods significantly disagree at momentum transfer Q2 > 1 GeV2. The most likely explanation of this discrepancy is the inclusion of two-photon exchange (TPE) amplitude contributions to the elastic electron-proton cross section which significantly changes the extraction of GE from the Rosenbluth separation measurement. The Jefferson Lab CLAS TPE experiment determined the TPE contribution by measuring the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections. The primary electron beam was used to create an intense bremsstrahlung photon beam. Some of the photons were then converted to a mixed e+/ e- beam which then interacted with a liquid hydrogen target. The e+p and e-p events were detected by the CLAS (CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer). The elastic cross section ratios ((σ( e+p)/(σ(e -p)) were measured over a wide range of virtual photon polarization ϵ and Q2.
The cross section ratios displayed a strong ϵ dependence at Q2 = 1.45 GeV2. There is no significant Q2 dependence observed at ϵ = 0.45. The results are consistent with a recent measurement at the VEPP-3 lepton storage ring in Novosibirsk and with the hadronic calculation by Blunders, Melnitchouk and Tjon. The hadronic calculation resolves the disagreement between the Rosenbluth separation and polarization transfer extractions of GE/GM at Q2 up to 2 – 3 GeV2. Applying the GLAS TPE correction to the Rosenbluth cross section measurements significantly decreases the extracted value of GE and brings it into good agreement with the polarization transfer measurement at Q2∼1.75 GeV2. Thus, these measurements appear to resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy for Q2 < 2 GeV2.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Direct Measurements of Two Photon Exchange on Lepton-Proton Elastic Scattering Using Simultaneous Electron-Positron Beams in CLAS"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Lawrence Weinstein","Leposava Vuskovic","Gail E. Dodge","Anatoly Radyushkin","Hussein M. Abdel-Wahab"],"dc:creator":["Adikaram, Dasuni Kalhari"],"dc:date.available":["2019-02-20T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The electric (GE) and magnetic ( GM) form factors of the proton are fundamental observables which characterize its charge and magnetization distributions. There are two methods to measure the proton form factors: the Rosenbluth separation method and the polarization transfer technique. However, the ratio of the electric and magnetic form factors measured by those methods significantly disagree at momentum transfer Q2 > 1 GeV2. The most likely explanation of this discrepancy is the inclusion of two-photon exchange (TPE) amplitude contributions to the elastic electron-proton cross section which significantly changes the extraction of GE from the Rosenbluth separation measurement. The Jefferson Lab CLAS TPE experiment determined the TPE contribution by measuring the ratio of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections. The primary electron beam was used to create an intense bremsstrahlung photon beam. Some of the photons were then converted to a mixed e+/ e- beam which then interacted with a liquid hydrogen target. The e+p and e-p events were detected by the CLAS (CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer). The elastic cross section ratios ((σ( e+p)/(σ(e -p)) were measured over a wide range of virtual photon polarization ϵ and Q2.
The cross section ratios displayed a strong ϵ dependence at Q2 = 1.45 GeV2. There is no significant Q2 dependence observed at ϵ = 0.45. The results are consistent with a recent measurement at the VEPP-3 lepton storage ring in Novosibirsk and with the hadronic calculation by Blunders, Melnitchouk and Tjon. The hadronic calculation resolves the disagreement between the Rosenbluth separation and polarization transfer extractions of GE/GM at Q2 up to 2 – 3 GeV2. Applying the GLAS TPE correction to the Rosenbluth cross section measurements significantly decreases the extracted value of GE and brings it into good agreement with the polarization transfer measurement at Q2∼1.75 GeV2. Thus, these measurements appear to resolve the proton electric form factor discrepancy for Q2 < 2 GeV2.
"],"dc:identifier":["9781303983795","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/physics_etds/26"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).
"],"dc:subject":["Two photon exchange","Electron-proton scattering","Proton form factor","Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory","Nuclear"],"dc:title":["Direct Measurements of Two Photon Exchange on Lepton-Proton Elastic Scattering Using Simultaneous Electron-Positron Beams in CLAS"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Physics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:34:11Z"}